Artículo

Este artículo es de Acceso Abierto y puede ser descargado en su versión final desde nuestro repositorio
Consulte el artículo en la página del editor
Consulte la política de Acceso Abierto del editor

Abstract:

The unfolded protein response (UPR) and the Akt signaling pathway share several regulatory functions and have the capacity to determine cell outcome under specific conditions. However, both pathways have largely been studied independently. Here, we asked whether the Akt pathway regulates the UPR. To this end, we used a series of chemical compounds that modulate PI3K/Akt pathway and monitored the activity of the three UPR branches: PERK, IRE1 and ATF6. The antiproliferative and antiviral drug Akt-IV strongly and persistently activated all three branches of the UPR. We present evidence that activation of PERK/eIF2α requires Akt and that PERK is a direct Akt target. Chemical activation of this novel Akt/PERK pathway by Akt-IV leads to cell death, which was largely dependent on the presence of PERK and IRE1. Finally, we show that hypoxia-induced activation of eIF2α requires Akt, providing a physiologically relevant condition for the interaction between Akt and the PERK branch of the UPR. These data suggest the UPR and the Akt pathway signal to one another as a means of controlling cell fate. © 2013 Blaustein et al.

Registro:

Documento: Artículo
Título:Modulation of the Akt Pathway Reveals a Novel Link with PERK/eIF2α, which Is Relevant during Hypoxia
Autor:Blaustein, M.; Pérez-Munizaga, D.; Sánchez, M.A.; Urrutia, C.; Grande, A.; Risso, G.; Srebrow, A.; Alfaro, J.; Colman-Lerner, A.
Filiación:Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas y Departamento de Fisiologia, Biologia Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Fundación Ciencia y Vida, Santiago de Chile, Chile
Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
Palabras clave:activating transcription factor 6; cell protein; initiation factor 2alpha; inositol requiring protein 1; PERK protein; phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase; protein kinase B; unclassified drug; article; cell death; cell fate; controlled study; human; human cell; hypoxia; physiological process; protein phosphorylation; protein protein interaction; protein targeting; protein unfolding; signal transduction; Cell Hypoxia; Cell Line; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Survival; eIF-2 Kinase; Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2; HeLa Cells; Humans; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
Año:2013
Volumen:8
Número:7
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069668
Título revista:PLoS ONE
Título revista abreviado:PLoS ONE
ISSN:19326203
CODEN:POLNC
CAS:phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase, 115926-52-8; protein kinase B, 148640-14-6
PDF:https://bibliotecadigital.exactas.uba.ar/download/paper/paper_19326203_v8_n7_p_Blaustein.pdf
Registro:https://bibliotecadigital.exactas.uba.ar/collection/paper/document/paper_19326203_v8_n7_p_Blaustein

Referencias:

  • Bellacosa, A., Kumar, C.C., Di Cristofano, A., Testa, J.R., Activation of AKT kinases in cancer: implications for therapeutic targeting (2005) Adv Cancer Res, 94, pp. 29-86
  • Hay, N., Sonenberg, N., Upstream and downstream of mTOR (2004) Genes Dev, 18, pp. 1926-1945
  • Doble, B.W., Woodgett, J.R., GSK-3: tricks of the trade for a multi-tasking kinase (2003) J Cell Sci, 116, pp. 1175-1186
  • Alessi, D.R., James, S.R., Downes, C.P., Holmes, A.B., Gaffney, P.R., Characterization of a 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase which phosphorylates and activates protein kinase Balpha (1997) Curr Biol, 7, pp. 261-269
  • Sarbassov, D.D., Guertin, D.A., Ali, S.M., Sabatini, D.M., Phosphorylation and regulation of Akt/PKB by the rictor-mTOR complex (2005) Science, 307, pp. 1098-1101
  • Conus, N.M., Hannan, K.M., Cristiano, B.E., Hemmings, B.A., Pearson, R.B., Direct identification of tyrosine 474 as a regulatory phosphorylation site for the Akt protein kinase (2002) J Biol Chem, 277, pp. 38021-38028
  • Mahajan, K., Coppola, D., Challa, S., Fang, B., Chen, Y.A., Ack1 mediated AKT/PKB tyrosine 176 phosphorylation regulates its activation (2010) PLoS One, 5, pp. e9646
  • Hosoi, T., Hyoda, K., Okuma, Y., Nomura, Y., Ozawa, K., Akt up- and down-regulation in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress (2007) Brain Res, 1152, pp. 27-31
  • Santi, S.A., Lee, H., The Akt isoforms are present at distinct subcellular locations (2010) Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 298, pp. C580-C591
  • Altomare, D.A., Testa, J.R., Perturbations of the AKT signaling pathway in human cancer (2005) Oncogene, 24, pp. 7455-7464
  • Fayard, E., Tintignac, L.A., Baudry, A., Hemmings, B.A., Protein kinase B/Akt at a glance (2005) J Cell Sci, 118, pp. 5675-5678
  • Toker, A., Yoeli-Lerner, M., Akt signaling and cancer: surviving but not moving on (2006) Cancer Res, 66, pp. 3963-3966
  • Berndt, N., Yang, H., Trinczek, B., Betzi, S., Zhang, Z., The Akt activation inhibitor TCN-P inhibits Akt phosphorylation by binding to the PH domain of Akt and blocking its recruitment to the plasma membrane (2010) Cell Death Differ, 17, pp. 1795-1804
  • Gaitonde, S., De, S.K., Tcherpakov, M., Dewing, A., Yuan, H., BI-69A11-mediated inhibition of AKT leads to effective regression of xenograft melanoma (2009) Pigment Cell Melanoma Res, 22, pp. 187-195
  • Okuzumi, T., Ducker, G.S., Zhang, C., Aizenstein, B., Hoffman, R., Synthesis and evaluation of indazole based analog sensitive Akt inhibitors (2010) Mol Biosyst, 6, pp. 1389-1402
  • Okuzumi, T., Fiedler, D., Zhang, C., Gray, D.C., Aizenstein, B., Inhibitor hijacking of Akt activation (2009) Nat Chem Biol, 5, pp. 484-493
  • Kau, T.R., Schroeder, F., Ramaswamy, S., Wojciechowski, C.L., Zhao, J.J., A chemical genetic screen identifies inhibitors of regulated nuclear export of a Forkhead transcription factor in PTEN-deficient tumor cells (2003) Cancer Cell, 4, pp. 463-476
  • Koomoa, D.L., Yco, L.P., Borsics, T., Wallick, C.J., Bachmann, A.S., Ornithine decarboxylase inhibition by alpha-difluoromethylornithine activates opposing signaling pathways via phosphorylation of both Akt/protein kinase B and p27Kip1 in neuroblastoma (2008) Cancer Res, 68, pp. 9825-9831
  • Margalit, D.N., Romberg, L., Mets, R.B., Hebert, A.M., Mitchison, T.J., Targeting cell division: small-molecule inhibitors of FtsZ GTPase perturb cytokinetic ring assembly and induce bacterial lethality (2004) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 101, pp. 11821-11826
  • Dunn, E.F., Fearns, R., Connor, J.H., Akt inhibitor Akt-IV blocks virus replication through an Akt-independent mechanism (2009) J Virol, 83, pp. 11665-11672
  • Rutkowski, D.T., Hegde, R.S., Regulation of basal cellular physiology by the homeostatic unfolded protein response (2010) J Cell Biol, 189, pp. 783-794
  • Ron, D., Walter, P., Signal integration in the endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response (2007) Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 8, pp. 519-529
  • So, A.Y., de la Fuente, E., Walter, P., Shuman, M., Bernales, S., The unfolded protein response during prostate cancer development (2009) Cancer Metastasis Rev, 28, pp. 219-223
  • Wouters, B.G., Koritzinsky, M., Hypoxia signalling through mTOR and the unfolded protein response in cancer (2008) Nat Rev Cancer, 8, pp. 851-864
  • Bernales, S., McDonald, K.L., Walter, P., Autophagy counterbalances endoplasmic reticulum expansion during the unfolded protein response (2006) PLoS Biol, 4, pp. e423
  • Schroder, M., Kaufman, R.J., The mammalian unfolded protein response (2005) Annu Rev Biochem, 74, pp. 739-789
  • Ni, M., Zhou, H., Wey, S., Baumeister, P., Lee, A.S., Regulation of PERK signaling and leukemic cell survival by a novel cytosolic isoform of the UPR regulator GRP78/BiP (2009) PLoS One, 4, pp. e6868
  • van Huizen, R., Martindale, J.L., Gorospe, M., Holbrook, N.J., P58IPK, a novel endoplasmic reticulum stress-inducible protein and potential negative regulator of eIF2alpha signaling (2003) J Biol Chem, 278, pp. 15558-15564
  • Zhang, Y., Liu, R., Ni, M., Gill, P., Lee, A.S., Cell surface relocalization of the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone and unfolded protein response regulator GRP78/BiP (2010) J Biol Chem, 285, pp. 15065-15075
  • Hu, M.C., Gong, H.Y., Lin, G.H., Hu, S.Y., Chen, M.H., XBP-1, a key regulator of unfolded protein response, activates transcription of IGF1 and Akt phosphorylation in zebrafish embryonic cell line (2007) Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 359, pp. 778-783
  • Ishigaki, S., Fonseca, S.G., Oslowski, C.M., Jurczyk, A., Shearstone, J.R., AATF mediates an antiapoptotic effect of the unfolded protein response through transcriptional regulation of AKT1 (2010) Cell Death Differ, 17, pp. 774-786
  • Kato, H., Nakajima, S., Saito, Y., Takahashi, S., Katoh, R., mTORC1 serves ER stress-triggered apoptosis via selective activation of the IRE1-JNK pathway (2012) Cell Death Differ, 19, pp. 310-320
  • Dong, L., Jiang, C.C., Thorne, R.F., Croft, A., Yang, F., Ets-1 mediates upregulation of Mcl-1 downstream of XBP-1 in human melanoma cells upon ER stress (2011) Oncogene, 30, pp. 3716-3726
  • Jiang, C.C., Yang, F., Thorne, R.F., Zhu, B.K., Hersey, P., Human melanoma cells under endoplasmic reticulum stress acquire resistance to microtubule-targeting drugs through XBP-1-mediated activation of Akt (2009) Neoplasia, 11, pp. 436-447
  • Hu, P., Han, Z., Couvillon, A.D., Exton, J.H., Critical role of endogenous Akt/IAPs and MEK1/ERK pathways in counteracting endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced cell death (2004) J Biol Chem, 279, pp. 49420-49429
  • Deldicque, L., Bertrand, L., Patton, A., Francaux, M., Baar, K., ER stress induces anabolic resistance in muscle cells through PKB-induced blockade of mTORC1 (2011) PLoS One, 6, pp. e20993
  • Qin, L., Wang, Z., Tao, L., Wang, Y., ER stress negatively regulates AKT/TSC/mTOR pathway to enhance autophagy (2010) Autophagy, 6, pp. 239-247
  • Mao, W., Iwai, C., Keng, P.C., Vulapalli, R., Liang, C.S., Norepinephrine-induced oxidative stress causes PC-12 cell apoptosis by both endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial intrinsic pathway: inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase survival pathway (2006) Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 290, pp. C1373-C1384
  • Mounir, Z., Krishnamoorthy, J.L., Wang, S., Papadopoulou, B., Campbell, S., Akt determines cell fate through inhibition of the PERK-eIF2alpha phosphorylation pathway (2011) Sci Signal, 4, pp. ra62
  • Vlahos, C.J., Matter, W.F., Hui, K.Y., Brown, R.F., A specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (LY294002) (1994) J Biol Chem, 269, pp. 5241-5248
  • Lindsley, C.W., Zhao, Z., Leister, W.H., Robinson, R.G., Barnett, S.F., Allosteric Akt (PKB) inhibitors: discovery and SAR of isozyme selective inhibitors (2005) Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 15, pp. 761-764
  • Dudek, H., Datta, S.R., Franke, T.F., Birnbaum, M.J., Yao, R., Regulation of neuronal survival by the serine-threonine protein kinase Akt (1997) Science, 275, pp. 661-665
  • Wek, R.C., Jiang, H.Y., Anthony, T.G., Coping with stress: eIF2 kinases and translational control (2006) Biochem Soc Trans, 34, pp. 7-11
  • Hamanaka, R.B., Bennett, B.S., Cullinan, S.B., Diehl, J.A., PERK and GCN2 contribute to eIF2alpha phosphorylation and cell cycle arrest after activation of the unfolded protein response pathway (2005) Mol Biol Cell, 16, pp. 5493-5501
  • Alessi, D.R., Caudwell, F.B., Andjelkovic, M., Hemmings, B.A., Cohen, P., Molecular basis for the substrate specificity of protein kinase B; comparison with MAPKAP kinase-1 and p70 S6 kinase (1996) FEBS Lett, 399, pp. 333-338
  • Moritz, A., Li, Y., Guo, A., Villen, J., Wang, Y., Akt-RSK-S6 kinase signaling networks activated by oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinases (2010) Sci Signal, 3, pp. ra64
  • Kane, S., Sano, H., Liu, S.C., Asara, J.M., Lane, W.S., A method to identify serine kinase substrates. Akt phosphorylates a novel adipocyte protein with a Rab GTPase-activating protein (GAP) domain (2002) J Biol Chem, 277, pp. 22115-22118
  • Karyala, P., Namsa, N.D., Chilakalapudi, D.R., Translational up-regulation and high-level protein expression from plasmid vectors by mTOR activation via different pathways in PC3 and 293T cells (2010) PLoS One, 5, pp. e14408
  • Mahajan, K., Coppola, D., Rawal, B., Chen, Y.A., Lawrence, H.R., Ack1 mediated androgen receptor phosphorylation modulates radiation resistance in castration resistant prostate cancer (2012) J Biol Chem
  • Sun, Q., Wu, R., Cai, S., Lin, Y., Sellers, L., Synthesis and biological evaluation of analogues of AKT (protein kinase B) inhibitor-IV (2011) J Med Chem, 54, pp. 1126-1139
  • Mahajan, K., Coppola, D., Chen, Y.A., Zhu, W., Lawrence, H.R., Ack1 tyrosine kinase activation correlates with pancreatic cancer progression (2012) Am J Pathol, 180, pp. 1386-1393
  • Mahajan, K., Mahajan, N.P., PI3K-independent AKT activation in cancers: A treasure trove for novel therapeutics (2012) J Cell Physiol
  • Barros, L.F., Kanaseki, T., Sabirov, R., Morishima, S., Castro, J., Apoptotic and necrotic blebs in epithelial cells display similar neck diameters but different kinase dependency (2003) Cell Death Differ, 10, pp. 687-697
  • Dewhirst, M.W., Cao, Y., Moeller, B., Cycling hypoxia and free radicals regulate angiogenesis and radiotherapy response (2008) Nat Rev Cancer, 8, pp. 425-437
  • Kanichai, M., Ferguson, D., Prendergast, P.J., Campbell, V.A., Hypoxia promotes chondrogenesis in rat mesenchymal stem cells: a role for AKT and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha (2008) J Cell Physiol, 216, pp. 708-715
  • Kim, S.Y., Jeong, E., Joung, S.M., Lee, J.Y., PI3K/Akt contributes to increased expression of Toll-like receptor 4 in macrophages exposed to hypoxic stress (2012) Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 419, pp. 466-471
  • Koumenis, C., Naczki, C., Koritzinsky, M., Rastani, S., Diehl, A., Regulation of protein synthesis by hypoxia via activation of the endoplasmic reticulum kinase PERK and phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor eIF2alpha (2002) Mol Cell Biol, 22, pp. 7405-7416
  • Lemasters, J.J., DiGuiseppi, J., Nieminen, A.L., Herman, B., Blebbing, free Ca2+ and mitochondrial membrane potential preceding cell death in hepatocytes (1987) Nature, 325, pp. 78-81
  • Liu, X., Shi, Y., Birnbaum, M.J., Ye, K., De Jong, R., Quantitative analysis of anti-apoptotic function of Akt in Akt1 and Akt2 double knock-out mouse embryonic fibroblast cells under normal and stressed conditions (2006) J Biol Chem, 281, pp. 31380-31388
  • Nogueira, V., Park, Y., Chen, C.C., Xu, P.Z., Chen, M.L., Akt determines replicative senescence and oxidative or oncogenic premature senescence and sensitizes cells to oxidative apoptosis (2008) Cancer Cell, 14, pp. 458-470
  • Huttlin, E.L., Jedrychowski, M.P., Elias, J.E., Goswami, T., Rad, R., A tissue-specific atlas of mouse protein phosphorylation and expression (2010) Cell, 143, pp. 1174-1189
  • Jo, H., Lo, P.K., Li, Y., Loison, F., Green, S., Deactivation of Akt by a small molecule inhibitor targeting pleckstrin homology domain and facilitating Akt ubiquitination (2011) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 108, pp. 6486-6491
  • Pinner, S., Sahai, E., PDK1 regulates cancer cell motility by antagonising inhibition of ROCK1 by RhoE (2008) Nat Cell Biol, 10, pp. 127-137
  • Pyrko, P., Kardosh, A., Liu, Y.T., Soriano, N., Xiong, W., Calcium-activated endoplasmic reticulum stress as a major component of tumor cell death induced by 2,5-dimethyl-celecoxib, a non-coxib analogue of celecoxib (2007) Mol Cancer Ther, 6, pp. 1262-1275
  • Yacoub, A., Park, M.A., Hanna, D., Hong, Y., Mitchell, C., OSU-03012 promotes caspase-independent but PERK-, cathepsin B-, BID-, and AIF-dependent killing of transformed cells (2006) Mol Pharmacol, 70, pp. 589-603
  • Zhu, J., Huang, J.W., Tseng, P.H., Yang, Y.T., Fowble, J., From the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor celecoxib to a novel class of 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 inhibitors (2004) Cancer Res, 64, pp. 4309-4318
  • Brami-Cherrier, K., Valjent, E., Garcia, M., Pages, C., Hipskind, R.A., Dopamine induces a PI3-kinase-independent activation of Akt in striatal neurons: a new route to cAMP response element-binding protein phosphorylation (2002) J Neurosci, 22, pp. 8911-8921
  • Liao, Y., Hung, M.C., Physiological regulation of Akt activity and stability (2010) Am J Transl Res, 2, pp. 19-42
  • Shaw, J., Kirshenbaum, L.A., Prime time for JNK-mediated Akt reactivation in hypoxia-reoxygenation (2006) Circ Res, 98, pp. 7-9
  • Wei, J., Wang, W., Chopra, I., Li, H.F., Dougherty, C.J., c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK-1) confers protection against brief but not extended ischemia during acute myocardial infarction (2011) J Biol Chem, 286, pp. 13995-14006
  • Yang, W.L., Wang, J., Chan, C.H., Lee, S.W., Campos, A.D., The E3 ligase TRAF6 regulates Akt ubiquitination and activation (2009) Science, 325, pp. 1134-1138
  • Luo, H.R., Hattori, H., Hossain, M.A., Hester, L., Huang, Y., Akt as a mediator of cell death (2003) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100, pp. 11712-11717
  • Matheny Jr., R.W., Adamo, M.L., Current perspectives on Akt Akt-ivation and Akt-ions (2009) Exp Biol Med (Maywood), 234, pp. 1264-1270
  • Yang, W.L., Wu, C.Y., Wu, J., Lin, H.K., Regulation of Akt signaling activation by ubiquitination (2010) Cell Cycle, 9, pp. 487-497
  • Hassan, I.H., Zhang, M.S., Powers, L.S., Shao, J.Q., Baltrusaitis, J., Influenza A viral replication is blocked by inhibition of the inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) stress pathway (2012) J Biol Chem, 287, pp. 4679-4689
  • Trujillo-Alonso, V., Maruri-Avidal, L., Arias, C.F., Lopez, S., Rotavirus infection induces the unfolded protein response of the cell and controls it through the nonstructural protein NSP3 (2011) J Virol, 85, pp. 12594-12604
  • Buchkovich, N.J., Maguire, T.G., Yu, Y., Paton, A.W., Paton, J.C., Human cytomegalovirus specifically controls the levels of the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone BiP/GRP78, which is required for virion assembly (2008) J Virol, 82, pp. 31-39
  • Yung, H.W., Korolchuk, S., Tolkovsky, A.M., Charnock-Jones, D.S., Burton, G.J., Endoplasmic reticulum stress exacerbates ischemia-reperfusion-induced apoptosis through attenuation of Akt protein synthesis in human choriocarcinoma cells (2007) FASEB J, 21, pp. 872-884
  • Yung, H.W., Charnock-Jones, D.S., Burton, G.J., Regulation of AKT phosphorylation at Ser473 and Thr308 by endoplasmic reticulum stress modulates substrate specificity in a severity dependent manner (2011) PLoS One, 6, pp. e17894
  • Appenzeller-Herzog, C., Hall, M.N., Bidirectional crosstalk between endoplasmic reticulum stress and mTOR signaling (2012) Trends Cell Biol, 22, pp. 274-282
  • Harding, H.P., Zhang, Y., Bertolotti, A., Zeng, H., Ron, D., Perk is essential for translational regulation and cell survival during the unfolded protein response (2000) Mol Cell, 5, pp. 897-904
  • Mak, B.C., Wang, Q., Laschinger, C., Lee, W., Ron, D., Novel function of PERK as a mediator of force-induced apoptosis (2008) J Biol Chem, 283, pp. 23462-23472
  • Lin, J.H., Li, H., Yasumura, D., Cohen, H.R., Zhang, C., IRE1 signaling affects cell fate during the unfolded protein response (2007) Science, 318, pp. 944-949
  • Ahmed, N.N., Grimes, H.L., Bellacosa, A., Chan, T.O., Tsichlis, P.N., Transduction of interleukin-2 antiapoptotic and proliferative signals via Akt protein kinase (1997) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 94, pp. 3627-3632
  • Blaustein, M., Quadrana, L., Risso, G., Mata Mde, L., Pelisch, F., SF2/ASF regulates proteomic diversity by affecting the balance between translation initiation mechanisms (2009) J Cell Biochem, 107, pp. 826-833
  • Blaustein, M., Pelisch, F., Tanos, T., Munoz, M.J., Wengier, D., Concerted regulation of nuclear and cytoplasmic activities of SR proteins by AKT (2005) Nat Struct Mol Biol, 12, pp. 1037-1044

Citas:

---------- APA ----------
Blaustein, M., Pérez-Munizaga, D., Sánchez, M.A., Urrutia, C., Grande, A., Risso, G., Srebrow, A.,..., Colman-Lerner, A. (2013) . Modulation of the Akt Pathway Reveals a Novel Link with PERK/eIF2α, which Is Relevant during Hypoxia. PLoS ONE, 8(7).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069668
---------- CHICAGO ----------
Blaustein, M., Pérez-Munizaga, D., Sánchez, M.A., Urrutia, C., Grande, A., Risso, G., et al. "Modulation of the Akt Pathway Reveals a Novel Link with PERK/eIF2α, which Is Relevant during Hypoxia" . PLoS ONE 8, no. 7 (2013).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069668
---------- MLA ----------
Blaustein, M., Pérez-Munizaga, D., Sánchez, M.A., Urrutia, C., Grande, A., Risso, G., et al. "Modulation of the Akt Pathway Reveals a Novel Link with PERK/eIF2α, which Is Relevant during Hypoxia" . PLoS ONE, vol. 8, no. 7, 2013.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069668
---------- VANCOUVER ----------
Blaustein, M., Pérez-Munizaga, D., Sánchez, M.A., Urrutia, C., Grande, A., Risso, G., et al. Modulation of the Akt Pathway Reveals a Novel Link with PERK/eIF2α, which Is Relevant during Hypoxia. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(7).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069668