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Abstract:

Sublethal toxicity of the formulated fungicide Maxim® XL on embryonic, larval and juvenile development of Rhinella arenarum was evaluated by means of standardized bioassays. Maxim® XL, one of the most used fungicides in Argentina, is based on a mixture of two active ingredients: Fludioxonil and Metalaxyl-M. Maxim® XL exposure induced severe sublethal effects on the embryos, expressed as general underdevelopment, axial flexures, microcephaly, cellular dissociation, abnormal pigmentation, underdeveloped gills, marked edema and wavy tail. As the embryo development advanced, alterations in behavior as spasmodic contractions, general weakness and inanition were observed. Maxim® XL did not affect neither the time required to complete metamorphosis nor sex proportions, but gonadal development and differentiation were impaired. Gross gonadal analysis revealed a significant proportion of exposed individuals with underdevelopment of one or both gonads. Histological analysis confirmed that 18% and 10% of the individuals exposed to 0.25 and 2 mg/L Maxim® XL, respectively, exhibited undifferentiated gonads characterized by a reduced number (or absence) of germ cells. Taking into account the risk evaluation performed by means of Hazard Quotients, this fungicide could be a threat to R. arenarum populations under chronic exposure. This study represents the first evidence of toxic effects exerted by Maxim® XL on amphibians. Finally, our findings highlight the properties of this fungicide that might jeopardize non-target living species exposed to it in agricultural environments. © 2016 Elsevier B.V.

Registro:

Documento: Artículo
Título:Effects of a fungicide formulation on embryo-larval development, metamorphosis, and gonadogenesis of the South American toad Rhinella arenarum
Autor:Svartz, G.; Meijide, F.; Pérez Coll, C.
Filiación:Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental (3iA), Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología (ECyT), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Av 25 de Mayo y Francia, San Martín, Buenos Aires, C1650, Argentina
Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental (FCEN-UBA), Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, C1428, Argentina
CONICET, Argentina
Palabras clave:Amphibians; Fungicide; Histology; Standardized bioassays: gonadal development; Sublethal effects; fludioxonil; fungicide; metalaxyl; unclassified drug; 1,3 dioxolane derivative; alanine; fungicide; pyrrole derivative; water pollutant; Amphibia; animal tissue; Anura; Argentina; Article; behavior disorder; bioassay; cell count; concentration response; controlled study; edema; embryo; embryo development; embryotoxicity; environmental exposure; female; germ cell; gill; gonad development; gonadal disease; hazard assessment; histopathology; larval development; male; metamorphosis; microcephaly; muscle spasm; neurotoxicity; nonhuman; pigment disorder; priority journal; Rhinella arenarum; risk assessment; teratogenicity; weakness; analogs and derivatives; animal; Bufonidae; drug effects; embryo development; embryology; gonad; growth, development and aging; larva; metamorphosis; nonmammalian embryo; toxicity; water pollutant; Alanine; Animals; Bufonidae; Dioxoles; Embryo, Nonmammalian; Embryonic Development; Female; Fungicides, Industrial; Gonads; Larva; Male; Metamorphosis, Biological; Pyrroles; Water Pollutants, Chemical
Año:2016
Volumen:45
Página de inicio:1
Página de fin:7
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2016.05.008
Título revista:Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology
Título revista abreviado:Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol.
ISSN:13826689
CODEN:ETOPF
CAS:metalaxyl, 57837-19-1; alanine, 56-41-7, 6898-94-8; Alanine; Dioxoles; fludioxonil; Fungicides, Industrial; metalaxyl; Pyrroles; Water Pollutants, Chemical
Registro:https://bibliotecadigital.exactas.uba.ar/collection/paper/document/paper_13826689_v45_n_p1_Svartz

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Citas:

---------- APA ----------
Svartz, G., Meijide, F. & Pérez Coll, C. (2016) . Effects of a fungicide formulation on embryo-larval development, metamorphosis, and gonadogenesis of the South American toad Rhinella arenarum. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 45, 1-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2016.05.008
---------- CHICAGO ----------
Svartz, G., Meijide, F., Pérez Coll, C. "Effects of a fungicide formulation on embryo-larval development, metamorphosis, and gonadogenesis of the South American toad Rhinella arenarum" . Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 45 (2016) : 1-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2016.05.008
---------- MLA ----------
Svartz, G., Meijide, F., Pérez Coll, C. "Effects of a fungicide formulation on embryo-larval development, metamorphosis, and gonadogenesis of the South American toad Rhinella arenarum" . Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, vol. 45, 2016, pp. 1-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2016.05.008
---------- VANCOUVER ----------
Svartz, G., Meijide, F., Pérez Coll, C. Effects of a fungicide formulation on embryo-larval development, metamorphosis, and gonadogenesis of the South American toad Rhinella arenarum. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2016;45:1-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2016.05.008