Artículo

La versión final de este artículo es de uso interno de la institución.
Consulte el artículo en la página del editor
Consulte la política de Acceso Abierto del editor

Abstract:

The interaction at different levels between intracellular signals elicited by cytokines and activated glucocorticoid receptors (GR) is essential for the regulation of immune responses. We describe different levels of interaction between glucocorticoids and cytokines which result in the induction or repression of gene transcription. These include the regulation of cytokine receptor expression, the molecular cross-talk between the GR and transcription factors (TFs) activated by cytokine signaling, the interaction with several signaling pathways and also posttranslational modifications of both GR and TFs. Also, an overview of the implications of chromatin remodeling in this interplay is discussed. The complexity of the intricate network involved in the interaction between GR and TFs is pivotal for the final outcome of cytokines biological action. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Registro:

Documento: Artículo
Título:Glucocorticoids in the regulation of transcription factors that control cytokine synthesis
Autor:Liberman, A.C.; Druker, J.; Perone, M.J.; Arzt, E.
Filiación:Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
Palabras clave:Cytokine receptors; Cytokines; Glucocorticoids; Molecular interaction; Transcription factors; cytokine; glucocorticoid; glucocorticoid receptor; transcription factor; article; chemical interaction; chromatin; cross linking; cytokine release; human; immune response; molecular dynamics; nonhuman; priority journal; signal transduction; Animals; Cytokines; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Receptors, Glucocorticoid; Signal Transduction; Transcription Factors; Transcription, Genetic
Año:2007
Volumen:18
Número:1-2
Página de inicio:45
Página de fin:56
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2007.01.005
Título revista:Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews
Título revista abreviado:Cytokine Growth Factor Rev.
ISSN:13596101
CODEN:CGFRF
CAS:Cytokines; Glucocorticoids; Receptors, Glucocorticoid; Transcription Factors
Registro:https://bibliotecadigital.exactas.uba.ar/collection/paper/document/paper_13596101_v18_n1-2_p45_Liberman

Referencias:

  • Ashwell, J.D., Lu, F.W., Vacchio, M.S., Glucocorticoids in T-cell development and function (2000) Annu Rev Immunol, 18, pp. 309-345
  • Sapolsky, R.M., Romero, L.M., Munck, A.U., How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions (2000) Endocr Rev, 21, pp. 55-89
  • Besedovsky, H.O., del Rey, A., Immune-neuroendocrine circuits: integrative role of cytokines (1992) Front Neuroendocrinol, 13, pp. 61-94
  • Boumpas, D.T., Chrousos, G.P., Wilder, R.L., Cupps, T.R., Balow, J.E., Glucocorticoid therapy for immune-mediated diseases: basic and clinical correlates (1993) Ann Intern Med, 119, pp. 1198-1208
  • Barnes, P.J., Adcock, I.M., Transcription factors and asthma (1998) Eur Respir J, 12, pp. 221-234
  • Swartz, S.L., Dluhy, R.G., Corticosteroids: clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use (1978) Drugs, 16, pp. 238-255
  • De Bosscher, K., Vanden Berghe, W., Haegeman, G., Mechanisms of anti-inflammatory action and of immunosuppression by glucocorticoids: negative interference of activated glucocorticoid receptor with transcription factors (2000) J Neuroimmunol, 109, pp. 16-22
  • De Bosscher, K., Vanden Berghe, W., Haegeman, G., The interplay between the glucocorticoid receptor and nuclear factor-kappaB or activator protein-1: molecular mechanisms for gene repression (2003) Endocr Rev, 24, pp. 488-522
  • Drouin, J., Maira, M., Philips, A., Novel mechanism of action for Nur77 and antagonism by glucocorticoids: a convergent mechanism for CRH activation and glucocorticoid repression of POMC gene transcription (1998) J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 65, pp. 59-63
  • Abbas, A.K., Murphy, K.M., Sher, A., Functional diversity of helper T lymphocytes (1996) Nature, 383, pp. 787-793
  • Dinarello, C.A., Mier, J.W., Lymphokines (1987) N Engl J Med, 317, pp. 940-945
  • Paul, W.E., Seder, R.A., Lymphocyte responses and cytokines (1994) Cell, 76, pp. 241-251
  • Wang, M., Tan, Z., Zhang, R., Kotenko, S.V., Liang, P., Interleukin 24 (MDA-7/MOB-5) signals through two heterodimeric receptors, IL-22R1/IL-20R2 and IL-20R1/IL-20R2 (2002) J Biol Chem, 277, pp. 7341-7347
  • Dinarello, C.A., The interleukin-1 family: 10 years of discovery (1994) FASEB J, 8, pp. 1314-1325
  • Reed, J.C., Abidi, A.H., Alpers, J.D., Hoover, R.G., Robb, R.J., Nowell, P.C., Effect of cyclosporin A and dexamethasone on interleukin 2 receptor gene expression (1986) J Immunol, 137, pp. 150-154
  • Gillis, S., Crabtree, G.R., Smith, K.A., Glucocorticoid-induced inhibition of T-cell growth factor production. I. The effect on mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation (1979) J Immunol, 123, pp. 1624-1631
  • Boumpas, D.T., Anastassiou, E.D., Older, S.A., Tsokos, G.C., Nelson, D.L., Balow, J.E., Dexamethasone inhibits human interleukin 2 but not interleukin 2 receptor gene expression in vitro at the level of nuclear transcription (1991) J Clin Invest, 87, pp. 1739-1747
  • Mozo, L., Gayo, A., Suarez, A., Rivas, D., Zamorano, J., Gutierrez, C., Glucocorticoids inhibit IL-4 and mitogen-induced IL-4R alpha chain expression by different posttranscriptional mechanisms (1998) J Allergy Clin Immunol, 102, pp. 968-976
  • So, E.Y., Kim, S.H., Park, H.H., Cho, B.S., Lee, C.E., Corticosteroid inhibits IL-4 signaling through down-regulation of IL-4 receptor and STAT6 activity (2002) FEBS Lett, 518, pp. 53-59
  • Wu, C.Y., Wang, K., McDyer, J.F., Seder, R.A., Prostaglandin E2 and dexamethasone inhibit IL-12 receptor expression and IL-12 responsiveness (1998) J Immunol, 161, pp. 2723-2730
  • Mori, S., Murakami-Mori, K., Bonavida, B., Dexamethasone enhances expression of membrane and soluble interleukin-6 receptors by prostate carcinoma cell lines (1998) Anticancer Res, 18, pp. 4403-4408
  • Hawrylowicz, C.M., Guida, L., Paleolog, E., Dexamethasone up-regulates granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor expression on human monocytes (1994) Immunology, 83, pp. 274-280
  • Sapi, E., Flick, M.B., Gilmore-Hebert, M., Rodov, S., Kacinski, B.M., Transcriptional regulation of the c-fms (CSF-1R) proto-oncogene in human breast carcinoma cells by glucocorticoids (1995) Oncogene, 10, pp. 529-542
  • Lee, H.C., Shibata, H., Ogawa, S., Maki, K., Ikuta, K., Transcriptional regulation of the mouse IL-7 receptor alpha promoter by glucocorticoid receptor (2005) J Immunol, 174, pp. 7800-7806
  • Kovalovsky, D., Paez Pereda, M., Sauer, J., Perez Castro, C., Nahmod, V.E., Stalla, G.K., The Th1 and Th2 cytokines IFN-gamma and IL-4 antagonize the inhibition of monocyte IL-1 receptor antagonist by glucocorticoids: involvement of IL-1 (1998) Eur J Immunol, 28, pp. 2075-2085
  • Arzt, E., Sauer, J., Pollmacher, T., Labeur, M., Holsboer, F., Reul, J.M., Glucocorticoids suppress interleukin-1 receptor antagonist synthesis following induction by endotoxin (1994) Endocrinology, 134, pp. 672-677
  • Brown, E.A., Dare, H.A., Marsh, C.B., Wewers, M.D., The combination of endotoxin and dexamethasone induces type II interleukin 1 receptor (IL-1rII) in monocytes: a comparison to interleukin 1 beta (IL-1beta) and interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) (1996) Cytokine, 8, pp. 828-836
  • Visser, J., Nagelkerken, L., Expression of the IL-10 receptor on human monocytes is moderately suppressed by glucocorticoids (2002) Int Immunopharmacol, 2, pp. 1491-1493
  • Visser, J.T., Sparing interleukin-10 receptor expression by glucocorticoids is a prerequisite for the synergistic immunosuppressive effects of interleukin-10 and glucocorticoids (2003) Transplantation, 76, pp. 1534-1535. , (author reply 1535)
  • Romagnani, S., The Th1/Th2 paradigm (1997) Immunol Today, 18, pp. 263-266
  • Glimcher, L.H., Murphy, K.M., Lineage commitment in the immune system: the T helper lymphocyte grows up (2000) Genes Dev, 14, pp. 1693-1711
  • Liu, J., Beller, D.I., Distinct pathways for NF-kappa B regulation are associated with aberrant macrophage IL-12 production in lupus- and diabetes-prone mouse strains (2003) J Immunol, 170, pp. 4489-4496
  • Liberman, A.C., Refojo, D., Arzt, E., Cytokine signaling/transcription factor cross-talk in T-cell activation and Th1-Th2 differentiation (2003) Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 51, pp. 351-365
  • Refojo, D., Liberman, A.C., Giacomini, D., Carbia Nagashima, A., Graciarena, M., Echenique, C., Integrating systemic information at the molecular level: cross-talk between steroid receptors and cytokine signaling on different target cells (2003) Ann NY Acad Sci, 992, pp. 196-204
  • Kovalovsky, D., Refojo, D., Holsboer, F., Arzt, E., Molecular mechanisms and Th1/Th2 pathways in corticosteroid regulation of cytokine production (2000) J Neuroimmunol, 109, pp. 23-29
  • Helmberg, A., Auphan, N., Caelles, C., Karin, M., Glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis of human leukemic cells is caused by the repressive function of the glucocorticoid receptor (1995) EMBO J, 14, pp. 452-460
  • Jonat, C., Rahmsdorf, H.J., Park, K.K., Cato, A.C., Gebel, S., Ponta, H., Antitumor promotion and anti-inflammation: down-modulation of AP-1 (Fos/Jun) activity by glucocorticoid hormone (1990) Cell, 62, pp. 1189-1204
  • Schule, R., Rangarajan, P., Kliewer, S., Ransone, L.J., Bolado, J., Yang, N., Functional antagonism between oncoprotein c-Jun and the glucocorticoid receptor (1990) Cell, 62, pp. 1217-1226
  • Ray, A., Prefontaine, K.E., Physical association and functional antagonism between the p65 subunit of transcription factor NF-kappa B and the glucocorticoid receptor (1994) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 91, pp. 752-756
  • Wissink, S., van Heerde, E.C., vand der Burg, B., van der Saag, P.T., A dual mechanism mediates repression of NF-kappa B activity by glucocorticoids (1998) Mol Endocrinol, 12, pp. 355-363
  • Scheinman, R.I., Gualberto, A., Jewell, C.M., Cidlowski, J.A., Baldwin Jr., A.S., Characterization of mechanisms involved in transrepression of NF-kappa B by activated glucocorticoid receptors (1995) Mol Cell Biol, 15, pp. 943-953
  • Caldenhoven, E., Liden, J., Wissink, S., Van de Stolpe, A., Raaijmakers, J., Koenderman, L., Negative cross-talk between RelA and the glucocorticoid receptor: a possible mechanism for the antiinflammatory action of glucocorticoids (1995) Mol Endocrinol, 9, pp. 401-412
  • Scheinman, R.I., Cogswell, P.C., Lofquist, A.K., Baldwin Jr., A.S., Role of transcriptional activation of I kappa B alpha in mediation of immunosuppression by glucocorticoids (1995) Science, 270, pp. 283-286
  • Auphan, N., DiDonato, J.A., Rosette, C., Helmberg, A., Karin, M., Immunosuppression by glucocorticoids: inhibition of NF-kappa B activity through induction of I kappa B synthesis (1995) Science, 270, pp. 286-290
  • Costas, M.A., Muller Igaz, L., Holsboer, F., Arzt, E., Transrepression of NF-kappa B is not required for glucocorticoid-mediated protection of TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis on fibroblasts (2000) Biochim Biophys Acta, 1499, pp. 122-129
  • Mukaida, N., Morita, M., Ishikawa, Y., Rice, N., Okamoto, S., Kasahara, T., Novel mechanism of glucocorticoid-mediated gene repression. Nuclear factor-kappa B is target for glucocorticoid-mediated interleukin 8 gene repression (1994) J Biol Chem, 269, pp. 13289-13295
  • Nissen, R.M., Yamamoto, K.R., The glucocorticoid receptor inhibits NFkappaB by interfering with serine-2 phosphorylation of the RNA polymerase II carboxy-terminal domain (2000) Genes Dev, 14, pp. 2314-2329
  • Vacca, A., Felli, M.P., Farina, A.R., Martinotti, S., Maroder, M., Screpanti, I., Glucocorticoid receptor-mediated suppression of the interleukin 2 gene expression through impairment of the cooperativity between nuclear factor of activated T cells and AP-1 enhancer elements (1992) J Exp Med, 175, pp. 637-646
  • Chen, R., Burke, T.F., Cumberland, J.E., Brummet, M., Beck, L.A., Casolaro, V., Glucocorticoids inhibit calcium- and calcineurin-dependent activation of the human IL-4 promoter (2000) J Immunol, 164, pp. 825-832
  • Mori, A., Kaminuma, O., Suko, M., Inoue, S., Ohmura, T., Hoshino, A., Two distinct pathways of interleukin-5 synthesis in allergen-specific human T-cell clones are suppressed by glucocorticoids (1997) Blood, 89, pp. 2891-2900
  • Jee, Y.K., Gilmour, J., Kelly, A., Bowen, H., Richards, D., Soh, C., Repression of interleukin-5 transcription by the glucocorticoid receptor targets GATA3 signaling and involves histone deacetylase recruitment (2005) J Biol Chem, 280, pp. 23243-23250
  • Cippitelli, M., Sica, A., Viggiano, V., Ye, J., Ghosh, P., Birrer, M.J., Negative transcriptional regulation of the interferon-gamma promoter by glucocorticoids and dominant negative mutants of c-Jun (1995) J Biol Chem, 270, pp. 12548-12556
  • Tao, Y., Williams-Skipp, C., Scheinman, R.I., Mapping of glucocorticoid receptor DNA binding domain surfaces contributing to transrepression of NF-kappa B and induction of apoptosis (2001) J Biol Chem, 276, pp. 2329-2332
  • von Laue, S., Finidori, J., Maamra, M., Shen, X.Y., Justice, S., Dobson, P.R., Stimulation of endogenous GH and interleukin-6 receptors selectively activates different Jaks and Stats, with a Stat5 specific synergistic effect of dexamethasone (2000) J Endocrinol, 165, pp. 301-311
  • Bianchi, M., Meng, C., Ivashkiv, L.B., Inhibition of IL-2-induced Jak-STAT signaling by glucocorticoids (2000) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 97, pp. 9573-9578
  • Biola, A., Andreau, K., David, M., Sturm, M., Haake, M., Bertoglio, J., The glucocorticoid receptor and STAT6 physically and functionally interact in T-lymphocytes (2000) FEBS Lett, 487, pp. 229-233
  • Lechner, J., Welte, T., Doppler, W., Mechanism of interaction between the glucocorticoid receptor and Stat5: role of DNA-binding (1997) Immunobiology, 198, pp. 112-123
  • Pfitzner, E., Jahne, R., Wissler, M., Stoecklin, E., Groner, B., p300/CREB-binding protein enhances the prolactin-mediated transcriptional induction through direct interaction with the transactivation domain of Stat5, but does not participate in the Stat5-mediated suppression of the glucocorticoid response (1998) Mol Endocrinol, 12, pp. 1582-1593
  • Zhang, Z., Jones, S., Hagood, J.S., Fuentes, N.L., Fuller, G.M., STAT3 acts as a co-activator of glucocorticoid receptor signaling (1997) J Biol Chem, 272, pp. 30607-30610
  • Aittomaki, S., Pesu, M., Groner, B., Janne, O.A., Palvimo, J.J., Silvennoinen, O., Cooperation among Stat1, glucocorticoid receptor, and PU.1 in transcriptional activation of the high-affinity Fc gamma receptor I in monocytes (2000) J Immunol, 164, pp. 5689-5697
  • Fahey, A.J., Robins, R.A., Kindle, K.B., Heery, D.M., Constantinescu, C.S., Effects of glucocorticoids on STAT4 activation in human T cells are stimulus-dependent (2006) J Leukoc Biol, 80, pp. 133-144
  • Franchimont, D., Galon, J., Gadina, M., Visconti, R., Zhou, Y., Aringer, M., Inhibition of Th1 immune response by glucocorticoids: dexamethasone selectively inhibits IL-12-induced Stat4 phosphorylation in T lymphocytes (2000) J Immunol, 164, pp. 1768-1774
  • Ramirez, F., Glucocorticoids induce a Th2 response in vitro (1998) Dev Immunol, 6, pp. 233-243
  • Blotta, M.H., DeKruyff, R.H., Umetsu, D.T., Corticosteroids inhibit IL-12 production in human monocytes and enhance their capacity to induce IL-4 synthesis in CD4+ lymphocytes (1997) J Immunol, 158, pp. 5589-5595
  • Zhang, D.H., Cohn, L., Ray, P., Bottomly, K., Ray, A., Transcription factor GATA-3 is differentially expressed in murine Th1 and Th2 cells and controls Th2-specific expression of the interleukin-5 gene (1997) J Biol Chem, 272, pp. 21597-21603
  • Szabo, S.J., Kim, S.T., Costa, G.L., Zhang, X., Fathman, C.G., Glimcher, L.H., A novel transcription factor, T-bet, directs Th1 lineage commitment (2000) Cell, 100, pp. 655-669
  • Costas, M., Trapp, T., Pereda, M.P., Sauer, J., Rupprecht, R., Nahmod, V.E., Molecular and functional evidence for in vitro cytokine enhancement of human and murine target cell sensitivity to glucocorticoids. TNF-alpha priming increases glucocorticoid inhibition of TNF-alpha-induced cytotoxicity/apoptosis (1996) J Clin Invest, 98, pp. 1409-1416
  • Orti, E., Mendel, D.B., Smith, L.I., Munck, A., Agonist-dependent phosphorylation and nuclear dephosphorylation of glucocorticoid receptors in intact cells (1989) J Biol Chem, 264, pp. 9728-9731
  • Almlof, T., Wright, A.P., Gustafsson, J.A., Role of acidic and phosphorylated residues in gene activation by the glucocorticoid receptor (1995) J Biol Chem, 270, pp. 17535-17540
  • Webster, J.C., Jewell, C.M., Bodwell, J.E., Munck, A., Sar, M., Cidlowski, J.A., Mouse glucocorticoid receptor phosphorylation status influences multiple functions of the receptor protein (1997) J Biol Chem, 272, pp. 9287-9293
  • Hittelman, A.B., Burakov, D., Iniguez-Lluhi, J.A., Freedman, L.P., Garabedian, M.J., Differential regulation of glucocorticoid receptor transcriptional activation via AF-1-associated proteins (1999) EMBO J, 18, pp. 5380-5388
  • Rogatsky, I., Logan, S.K., Garabedian, M.J., Antagonism of glucocorticoid receptor transcriptional activation by the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (1998) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 95, pp. 2050-2055
  • Itoh, M., Adachi, M., Yasui, H., Takekawa, M., Tanaka, H., Imai, K., Nuclear export of glucocorticoid receptor is enhanced by c-Jun N-terminal kinase-mediated phosphorylation (2002) Mol Endocrinol, 16, pp. 2382-2392
  • Irusen, E., Matthews, J.G., Takahashi, A., Barnes, P.J., Chung, K.F., Adcock, I.M., p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-induced glucocorticoid receptor phosphorylation reduces its activity: role in steroid-insensitive asthma (2002) J Allergy Clin Immunol, 109, pp. 649-657
  • Szatmary, Z., Garabedian, M.J., Vilcek, J., Inhibition of glucocorticoid receptor-mediated transcriptional activation by p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (2004) J Biol Chem, 279, pp. 43708-43715
  • DeFranco, D.B., Qi, M., Borror, K.C., Garabedian, M.J., Brautigan, D.L., Protein phosphatase types 1 and/or 2A regulate nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of glucocorticoid receptors (1991) Mol Endocrinol, 5, pp. 1215-1228
  • Rider, L.G., Hirasawa, N., Santini, F., Beaven, M.A., Activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade is suppressed by low concentrations of dexamethasone in mast cells (1996) J Immunol, 157, pp. 2374-2380
  • Caelles, C., Gonzalez-Sancho, J.M., Munoz, A., Nuclear hormone receptor antagonism with AP-1 by inhibition of the JNK pathway (1997) Genes Dev, 11, pp. 3351-3364
  • Gonzalez, M.V., Gonzalez-Sancho, J.M., Caelles, C., Munoz, A., Jimenez, B., Hormone-activated nuclear receptors inhibit the stimulation of the JNK and ERK signalling pathways in endothelial cells (1999) FEBS Lett, 459, pp. 272-276
  • Swantek, J.L., Cobb, M.H., Geppert, T.D., Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK) is required for lipopolysaccharide stimulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) translation: glucocorticoids inhibit TNF-alpha translation by blocking JNK/SAPK (1997) Mol Cell Biol, 17, pp. 6274-6282
  • Sakai, A., Han, J., Cato, A.C., Akira, S., Li, J.D., Glucocorticoids synergize with IL-1beta to induce TLR2 expression via MAP kinase phosphatase-1-dependent dual Inhibition of MAPK JNK and p38 in epithelial cells (2004) BMC Mol Biol, 5, p. 2
  • Biola, A., Lefebvre, P., Perrin-Wolff, M., Sturm, M., Bertoglio, J., Pallardy, M., Interleukin-2 inhibits glucocorticoid receptor transcriptional activity through a mechanism involving STAT5 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 5), but not AP-1 (2001) Mol Endocrinol, 15, pp. 1062-1076
  • Lasa, M., Abraham, S.M., Boucheron, C., Saklatvala, J., Clark, A.R., Dexamethasone causes sustained expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase 1 and phosphatase-mediated inhibition of MAPK p38 (2002) Mol Cell Biol, 22, pp. 7802-7811
  • Orphanides, G., Reinberg, D., RNA polymerase II elongation through chromatin (2000) Nature, 407, pp. 471-475
  • Margueron, R., Trojer, P., Reinberg, D., The key to development: interpreting the histone code? (2005) Curr Opin Genet Dev, 15, pp. 163-176
  • Orphanides, G., Reinberg, D., A unified theory of gene expression (2002) Cell, 108, pp. 439-451
  • Takemoto, N., Arai, K., Miyatake, S., Cutting edge: the differential involvement of the N-finger of GATA-3 in chromatin remodeling and transactivation during Th2 development (2002) J Immunol, 169, pp. 4103-4107
  • Shoemaker, J., Saraiva, M., O'Garra, A., GATA-3 directly remodels the IL-10 locus independently of IL-4 in CD4+ T cells (2006) J Immunol, 176, pp. 3470-3479
  • Qiu, Y., Zhao, Y., Becker, M., John, S., Parekh, B.S., Huang, S., HDAC1 acetylation is linked to progressive modulation of steroid receptor-induced gene transcription (2006) Mol Cell, 22, pp. 669-679
  • Ito, K., Yamamura, S., Essilfie-Quaye, S., Cosio, B., Ito, M., Barnes, P.J., Histone deacetylase 2-mediated deacetylation of the glucocorticoid receptor enables NF-kappa B suppression (2006) J Exp Med, 203, pp. 7-13
  • Glass, C.K., Rosenfeld, M.G., The coregulator exchange in transcriptional functions of nuclear receptors (2000) Genes Dev, 14, pp. 121-141
  • Ostlund Farrants, A.K., Blomquist, P., Kwon, H., Wrange, O., Glucocorticoid receptor-glucocorticoid response element binding stimulates nucleosome disruption by the SWI/SNF complex (1997) Mol Cell Biol, 17, pp. 895-905
  • Fletcher, T.M., Xiao, N., Mautino, G., Baumann, C.T., Wolford, R., Warren, B.S., ATP-dependent mobilization of the glucocorticoid receptor during chromatin remodeling (2002) Mol Cell Biol, 22, pp. 3255-3263
  • Deroo, B.J., Archer, T.K., Glucocorticoid receptor activation of the I kappa B alpha promoter within chromatin (2001) Mol Biol Cell, 12, pp. 3365-3374
  • Carbia-Nagashima, A., Arzt, E., Intracellular proteins and mechanisms involved in the control of gp130/JAK/STAT cytokine signaling (2004) IUBMB Life, 56, pp. 83-88
  • Bossis, G., Malnou, C.E., Farras, R., Andermarcher, E., Hipskind, R., Rodriguez, M., Down-regulation of c-Fos/c-Jun AP-1 dimer activity by sumoylation (2005) Mol Cell Biol, 25, pp. 6964-6979
  • Gill, G., Something about SUMO inhibits transcription (2005) Curr Opin Genet Dev, 15, pp. 536-541
  • Le Drean, Y., Mincheneau, N., Le Goff, P., Michel, D., Potentiation of glucocorticoid receptor transcriptional activity by sumoylation (2002) Endocrinology, 143, pp. 3482-3489
  • Desterro, J.M., Rodriguez, M.S., Hay, R.T., SUMO-1 modification of IkappaBalpha inhibits NF-kappa B activation (1998) Mol Cell, 2, pp. 233-239

Citas:

---------- APA ----------
Liberman, A.C., Druker, J., Perone, M.J. & Arzt, E. (2007) . Glucocorticoids in the regulation of transcription factors that control cytokine synthesis. Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews, 18(1-2), 45-56.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2007.01.005
---------- CHICAGO ----------
Liberman, A.C., Druker, J., Perone, M.J., Arzt, E. "Glucocorticoids in the regulation of transcription factors that control cytokine synthesis" . Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews 18, no. 1-2 (2007) : 45-56.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2007.01.005
---------- MLA ----------
Liberman, A.C., Druker, J., Perone, M.J., Arzt, E. "Glucocorticoids in the regulation of transcription factors that control cytokine synthesis" . Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews, vol. 18, no. 1-2, 2007, pp. 45-56.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2007.01.005
---------- VANCOUVER ----------
Liberman, A.C., Druker, J., Perone, M.J., Arzt, E. Glucocorticoids in the regulation of transcription factors that control cytokine synthesis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2007;18(1-2):45-56.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2007.01.005