Artículo

Estamos trabajando para incorporar este artículo al repositorio
Consulte el artículo en la página del editor
Consulte la política de Acceso Abierto del editor

Abstract:

We evaluated the modulating effect of long-term feeding with lyophilized Euglena gracilis cells on immune response, oxidative balance and metabolic condition of the freshwater mussel Diplodon chilensis. Mussels, previously fed with Scenedesmus vacuolatus (SV) or E.gracilis (EG) for 90 days, were challenged with an environmentally relevant concentration of Escherichia coli in water for 5 days, under feeding or starvation conditions. EG diet increased overall phagocytic activity and tissue hemocyte accumulation (gill and mantle), and favored hemocyte viability upon E.coli challenge. Tissular hemocyte accumulation, and humoral bacteriolytic activity and protein content were similarly stimulated by EG and E.coli, with no further effect when both stimuli were combined. Both, E.coli challenge and EG diet reduced gill bacteriolytic activity with respect to nonchallenged SV mussels, while no effect was observed in challenged EG mussels. Gill and digestive gland protein contents, along with digestive gland bacteriolytic activity were higher in EG than in SV mussels. Both SV and EG mussels showed increased gill mass upon E.coli challenge, while digestive gland mass was increased by bacterial challenge only in SV mussels. Bacterial challenge produced no effect on humoral reactive oxygen species levels of both groups. Total oxyradical scavenging capacity levels was reduced in challenged SV mussels but remained unaffected in EG ones. In general, EG diet decreased glutathione S-transferase and catalase activities in gill and digestive gland, compared with SV diet; but increased enzyme activity was evident in challenged mussels of both groups. Gill and digestive gland lipid peroxidation levels were higher in EG than in SV mussels but E.coli challenge had stronger effect on SV mussels. Adductor muscle RNA:DNA ratio was higher in EG mussels than in SV ones, and increased upon E.coli challenge in mussels of both groups. E.gracilis can be suggested as a nutritional and protective diet complement suitable for filtering bivalves. However, our results obtained from starved mussels show that starvation periods after supplying this diet should be avoided, since these could revert part of the acquired benefits and/or exacerbate detrimental effects. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.

Registro:

Documento: Artículo
Título:Long-term feeding with Euglena gracilis cells modulates immune responses, oxidative balance and metabolic condition in Diplodon chilensis (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Hyriidae) exposed to living Escherichia coli
Autor:Bianchi, V.A.; Castro, J.M.; Rocchetta, I.; Nahabedian, D.E.; Conforti, V.; Luquet, C.M.
Filiación:Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA (CONICET-UNCo) - CEAN, Ruta Provincial N 61, Km 3, CCP 7, Junín de los Andes, Neuquén, 8371, Argentina
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia, Buenos Aires, 1917, Argentina
Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pab. II, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, 1428, Argentina
Department of Functional Ecology, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany
IBBEA, Instituto de CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pab. II, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, 1428, Argentina
Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pab. II, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, 1428, Argentina
Palabras clave:Antioxidant responses; EG; Growth; Immunomodulation; Paramylon; Starvation; SV; Bacteria (microorganisms); Bivalvia; Diplodon chilensis; Escherichia coli; Euglena gracilis; Hyriidae; Mollusca; Scenedesmus vacuolatus; analysis; animal; animal food; bivalve; diet; energy metabolism; Escherichia coli; Euglena gracilis; food deprivation; immunology; innate immunity; metabolism; microbiology; oxidation reduction reaction; physiology; Animal Feed; Animals; Bivalvia; Diet; Energy Metabolism; Escherichia coli; Euglena gracilis; Food Deprivation; Immunity, Innate; Oxidation-Reduction
Año:2015
Volumen:42
Número:2
Página de inicio:367
Página de fin:378
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2014.11.022
Título revista:Fish and Shellfish Immunology
Título revista abreviado:Fish Shellfish Immunol.
ISSN:10504648
CODEN:FSIME
Registro:https://bibliotecadigital.exactas.uba.ar/collection/paper/document/paper_10504648_v42_n2_p367_Bianchi

Referencias:

  • Barsanti, L., Vismara, R., Passarelli, V., Gualtieri, P., Paramylon (β-1,3-glucan) content in wild type and WZSL mutant of Euglena gracilis. Effects of growth conditions (2001) JAppl Phycol, 13, pp. 59-65
  • Murakami, T., Ogawa, H., Hayashi, M., Yoshizumi, H., Effect of Euglena cells on blood pressure, cerebral peripheral vascular changes and life-span in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (1998) JJpn Soc Nutr Food Sci, 41, pp. 115-125
  • Takeyama, H., Kanamaru, A., Yoshino, Y., Kakuta, H., Kawamura, Y., Matsunaga, T., Production of antioxidant vitamins, beta-carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E, by two-step culture of Euglena gracilis Z (1997) Biotechnol Bioeng, 20 (2), pp. 185-190
  • Kusmic, C., Barsacchi, R., Barsanti, L., Gualtieri, P., Passarelli, V., Euglena gracilis as source of the antioxidant vitamin E. Effects of culture conditions in the wild type strain and in the natural mutant WZSL (1999) JAppl Phycol, 10, pp. 555-559
  • Matsumoto, T., Inui, H., Miyatake, K., Nakano, Y., Murakami, K., Comparison of nutrients in Euglena with those in other representative food sources (2009) Eco-Engineering, 21 (2), pp. 81-86
  • Tolivia, A., Conforti, V., Córdoba, O., Flores, L., Chemical constituents and biological activity of Euglena gracilis extracts (2013) JPR, 7, pp. 209-214
  • Hayashi, M., Toda, K., Yoneji, T., Sato, O., Shozaburo, K., Dietary value of rotifers and Artemia enriched with Euglena gracilis for red sea bram (1993) Nippon Suisan Gakk, 59, pp. 1051-1058
  • Vismara, R., Vestri, S., Frassanito, A.M., Barsanti, L., Gualtieri, P., Stress resistance induced by paramylon treatment in Artemia sp (2004) JAppl Phycol, 16, pp. 61-67
  • Dalmo, R.A., Bøgwald, J., β-glucans as conductors of immune symphonies (2008) Fish Shellfish Immunol, 25, pp. 384-396
  • Bai, N., Zhang, W., Mai, K., Wang, X., Xu, W., Ma, H., Effects of discontinuous administration of β-glucan and glycyrrhizin on the growth and immunity of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (2010) Aquaculture, 306, pp. 218-224
  • Meena, D.K., Das, P., Kumar, S., Mandal, S.C., Prusty, A.K., Singh, S.K., Beta-glucan: an ideal immunostimulant in aquaculture (a review) (2013) Fish Physiol Biochem, 39, pp. 431-457
  • Skov, J., Kania, P.W., Holten-Anderson, L., Fouz, B., Buchmann, K., Immunomodulatory effects of dietary β-1,3-glucan from Euglena gracilis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) immersion vaccinated against Yersinia ruckeri (2012) Fish Shellfish Immunol, 33, pp. 111-120
  • Suqiyama, A., Suzuki, K., Mitra, S., Arashida, R., Yoshida, E., Nakano, R., Hepatoprotective effects of paramylon, a beta-1, 3-D-glucan isolated from Euglena gracilis Z, on acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats (2009) JVet Med Sci, 71 (7), pp. 885-890
  • Basanta, K.D., Pradhan, J., Sahu, S., The effect of Euglena viridis on immune response of rohu, Labeo rohita (Ham.) (2009) Fish Shellfish Immunol, 26, pp. 871-876
  • Costa, M.M., Prado-Alvarez, M., Gestal, C., Li, H., Roch, P., Novoa, B., Functional and molecular immune response of Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) haemocytes against pathogen-associated molecular patterns and bacteria (2009) Fish Shellfish Immunol, 26, pp. 515-523
  • Torreilles, J., Gubrin, M.-C., Roth, P., Peroxidase-release associated with phagocytosis in Mythilus galloprovincialis haemocytes (1997) Dev Comp Immunol, 21 (3), pp. 267-275
  • Tafalla, C., Gómez-León, J., Novoa, B., Figueras, A., Nitric oxide production by carpet shell clam (Ruditapes decussatus) hemocytes (2003) Dev Comp Immunol, 27, pp. 197-205
  • Costa, M., Novoa, B., Figueras, A., Influence of β-glucans on the immune responses of carpet shell clam (Ruditapes decussatus) and Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) (2008) Fish Shellfish Immunol, 24, pp. 498-505
  • Vincie, M.E., (2008) Development of a suitable diet for endangered juvenile oyster mussels, Epioblasma capsaeformis (Bivalvia: Unionidae), reared in a captive environment, , Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Fisheries and Wildlife, Blacksburg, VA
  • Ciacci, C., Citterio, B., Betti, M., Canonico, B., Roch, P., Canesi, L., Functional differential immune responses of Mytilus galloprovincialis to bacterial challenge (2009) Comp Biochem Physiol B, 153, pp. 365-371
  • Allam, B., Paillard, C., Auffret, M., Alterations in hemolymph and extrapallial fluid parameters in the Manila Clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, challenged with the pathogen Vibrio tapetis (2000) JInvertebr Pathol, 76, pp. 63-69
  • Prado-Alvarez, M., Romero, A., Balseiro, P., Dios, S., Novoa, B., Figueras, A., Morphological characterization and functional immune response of the carpet shell clam (Ruditapes decussatus) haemocytes after bacterial stimulation (2012) Fish Shellfish Immunol, 32, pp. 69-78
  • Wang, X., Wang, L., Zhang, H., Ji, Q., Song, L., Qiu, L., Immune response and energy metabolism of Chlamys farreri under Vibrio anguillarum challenge and high temperature exposure (2012) Fish Shellfish Immunol, 33, pp. 1016-1026
  • Akaishi, F.M., St Jean, S.D., Bishay, F., Clarke, J., da S'Rabitto, I., de Oliveira Ribeiro, C.A., Immunological responses, histopathological finding and disease resistance of blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) exposed to treated and untreated municipal wastewater (2007) Aquat Toxicol, 82, pp. 1-14
  • Sabatini, S.E., Rocchetta, I., Luquet, C.M., Guido, M.I., Ríos de Molina, M.C., Effects of sewage pollution and bacterial load on growth and oxidative balance in the freshwater mussel Diplodon chilensis (2011) Limnologica, 41, pp. 356-362
  • Lara, G., Contreras, A., Encina, F., La almeja de agua dulce Diplodon chilensis (Bivalvia, Hyriidae) potencial biofiltro para disminuir los niveles de coliformes en pozos. Experimentos de laboratorio (2002) Gayana, 66, pp. 113-118
  • Almeida, C., Soares, F., Microbiological monitoring of bivalves from the Ria Formosa Lagoon (south coast of Portugal): a 20 years of sanitary survey (2012) Mar Pollut Bull, 64, pp. 252-262
  • Stabili, L., Terlizzi, A., Cavallo, R.A., Sewage-exposed marine invertebrates: survival rates and microbiological accumulation (2013) Environ Sci Pollut Res, 20, pp. 1606-1616
  • Canesi, L., Pruzzo, C., Tarsi, R., Gallo, G., Surface interactions between Escherichia coli and hemocytes of the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis Lam. Leading to efficient bacterial clearance (2001) Appl Environ Microbiol, 67 (1), pp. 464-468
  • Canesi, L., Betti, M., Ciacci, C., Scarpato, A., Citterio, B., Pruzzo, C., Signaling pathways involving in the physiological response of mussels hemocytes to the bacterial challenge: the role of stress activated p-38 MAP kinases (2002) Dev Comp Immunol, 26, pp. 325-334
  • Hong, X.-T., Xiang, L.-X., Shao, J.-Z., The immunostimulating effect of bacterial genomic DNA on the innate immune responses of bivalve mussel, Hyriopsis cumingii Lea (2006) Fish Shellfish Immunol, 21, pp. 357-364
  • Ciacci, C., Betti, M., Canonico, B., Citterio, B., Roch, P., Canesi, L., Specificity of anti-vibrio immune response through p38 MAPK and PKC activation in the hemocytes of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (2010) JInvertebr Pathol, 105, pp. 49-55
  • Ramberg, J.E., Nelson, E.D., Sinnott, R.A., Immunomodulatory dietary polysaccharides: a systematic review of the literature (2010) Nutr J, 9, p. 54
  • Schmitt, P., Rosa, R.D., Duperthuy, M., de Lorgeril, J., Bachèreand, E., Destoumieux-Garzón, D., The antimicrobial defense of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. How diversity may compensate for scarcity in the regulation of resident/pathogenic microflora (2012) Front Microbiol, 3, pp. 1-17
  • Garcia-Garcia, E., Galindo-Villegas, J., Mulero, V., Mucosal immunity in the gut: the non-vertebrate perspective (2013) Dev Comp Immunol, 40, pp. 278-288
  • Selvaraj, V., Sampath, K., Sekar, V., Adjuvant and immunostimulatory effects of b-glucan administration in combination with lipopolysaccharide enhances survival and some immune parameters in carp challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila (2006) Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 114, pp. 15-24
  • Soto, D., Mena, G., Filter feeding by the freshwater mussel, Diplodon chilensis, as a biocontrol of salmon farming eutrophication (1999) Aquaculture, 171, pp. 65-81
  • Parada, E., Peredo, S., Cárdenas, S., Valdebenito, I., Peredo, M., Diplodon chilensis Gray, 1828 (bivalvia: hyriidae) a potential residual waters depurator on inland water salmonid fishfarms: a laboratory scale study (2008) Gayana, 72 (1), pp. 68-78
  • Rocchetta, I., Lomovasky, B., Yusseppone, M.S., Sabatini, S.E., Bieczynski, F., Ríos de Molina, M.C., Growth, abundance, morphometric and metabolic parameters of three populations of freshwater bivalve subject to different levels of natural and anthropogenic organic matter input in a glaciar lake of North Patagonia (2014) Limnologica, 44, pp. 72-80
  • Gifford, S., Dunstan, R.H., O'Connor, W., Roberts, T., Toia, R., Pearl aquaculture-profitable environmental remediation? (2004) Sci Total Environ, 319, pp. 27-37
  • Bischoff, H.W., Bold, H.C., Some soil algae from enchanted rock and related algae species (1963) Phycol Stud, 6318, pp. 1-95
  • Catalogue of strains (1988) Culture collection of algae and protozoa, p. 19. , Natural Environment Research Council, Cumbria, A.S. Thompson, J.C. Rhodes, I. Pettman (Eds.)
  • Sabatini, S.E., Rocchetta, I., Nahabedian, D.E., Luquet, C.M., Eppis, M.R., Bianchi, L., Oxidative stress and histological alterations produced by dietary copper in the fresh water bivalve Diplodon chilensis (2011) Comp Biochem Physiol C, 154, pp. 391-398
  • Kiss, J.Z., Vasconcelos, A.C., Triemer, R.E., The intramembrane particle profile of the paramylon membrane during paramylon synthesis in Euglena (Euglenophyceae) (1988) JPhycol, 24, pp. 152-157
  • Bradford, M., Arapid and sensitive method for the quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding (1976) Anal Biochem, 72, pp. 248-254
  • Bianchi, V.A., Rocchetta, I., Luquet, C.M., Biomarker responses to sewage pollution in freshwater mussels (Diplodon chilensis) transplanted to a Patagonian river (2014) JEnviron Sci Health A, 49 (11), pp. 1276-1285
  • Peredo, S., Parada, E., Reproductive cycle in the freshwaters mussel Diplodon chilensis chilensis (Mollusca: Bivalvia) (1986) Veliger, 28 (4), pp. 418-425
  • Bianchi, V.A., Castro, J.M., Rocchetta, I., Bieczynski, F., Luquet, C.M., Health status and bioremediation capacity of wild freshwater mussels (Diplodon chilensis) exposed to sewage water pollution in a glacial Patagonian lake (2014) Fish Shellfish Immunol, 37, pp. 268-277
  • Rasband, W., ImageJ 1.48j., , USA: National Institutes of Health
  • Amado, L.L., Garcia, L., Ramos, P.B., Freitas, R.F., Zafalon, B., Ribas Ferreira, J.L., Amethod to measure total antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals in aquatic organisms: application to evaluate microcystins toxicity (2009) Sci Total Environ, 407, pp. 2115-2123
  • Habig, W.H., Pabst, M.J., Jakoby, W.B., Glutathione S-transferases: the first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation (1974) JBiol Chem, 249, pp. 7130-7139
  • Aebi, H., Catalase invitro (1984) Methods Enzymol, 105, pp. 121-126
  • Fraga, C.G., Leibovitz, B.E., Tappel, A.L., Lipid peroxidation measured as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in tissue slices. Characterization and comparison with homogenates and microsomes (1988) Free Radic Biol Med, 4, pp. 155-161
  • Serafim, A., Company, R., Lopes, B., Fonseca, V.F., Fran, S., Vasconcelos, R.P., Application of an integrated biomarker response index (IBR) to assess temporal variation of environmental quality in two Portuguese aquatic systems (2012) Ecol Indic, 19, pp. 215-225
  • Anderson, R.S., Ozbay, G., Kingsley, D.H., Strauss, M.A., Oyster hemocyte mobilization and increased adhesion activity after β-glucan administration (2011) JShellfish Res, 30 (3), pp. 635-641
  • Misra, C., Das, B.K., Mukherjee, S.C., Pattnaik, P., Effect of long term administration of dietary β-glucan on immunity, growth and survival of Labeo rohita fingerlings (2006) Aquaculture, 255, pp. 82-94
  • Oubella, R., Paillard, C., Maes, P., Auffret, M., Changes in hemolimph parameters in the manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum (Molusca, Bivalvia) following bacterial challenge (1994) JInvertebr Pathol, 64, pp. 33-38
  • Nikapitiya, C., De Zoysa, M., Lee, J., Molecular characterization and gene expression analysis of a pattern recognition protein from disk abalone, Haliotis discus discus (2008) Fish Shellfish Immunol, 25 (5), pp. 638-647
  • van Dijk, P.L.M., Hardewig, I., Hölker, F., Energy reserves during food deprivation and compensatory growth in juvenile roach: the importance of season and temperature (2005) JFish Biol, 66, pp. 167-181
  • Sant'Anna Rios, F., Carvalho, C.S., Pinheiro, G.H.D., Donatti, L., Fernandes, M.N., Tadeu Rantin, F., Utilization of endogenous reserves and effects of starvation on the health of Prochilodus lineatus (Prochilodontidae) (2011) Environ Biol Fish, 91, pp. 87-94
  • Caruso, G., Denaro, M.G., Caruso, R., Mancari, F., Genovese, L., Maricchiolo, G., Response to short term starvation of growth, haematological, biochemical and non-specific immune parameters in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and blackspot sea bream (Pagellus bogaraveo) (2011) Mar Environ Res, 72, pp. 46-52
  • Mitta, G., Vandenbulcke, F., Hubert, F., Salzet, M., Roch, P., Involvement of mytilins in mussel antimicrobial defense (2000) JBiol Chem, 275, pp. 12954-12962
  • Williams, H.R., Macey, B.M., Burnett, L.E., Burnett, K.G., Differential localization and bacteriostasis of Vibrio campbellii among tissues of the Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica (2009) De Comp Immunol, 33, pp. 592-600
  • Birkbeck, T.H., McHenery, J.G., Degradation of bacteria by Mytilus edulis (1982) Mar Biol, 72, pp. 7-15
  • Xue, Q., Hellberg, M.E., Schey, K.L., Itoh, N., Eytan, R.I., Cooper, R.K., Anew lysozyme from the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, and a possible evolutionary pathway for i-type lysozymes in bivalves from host defense to digestion (2010) BMC Evol Biol, 10, p. 213
  • Jollès, J., Fiala-Médioni, A., Jollès, P., The ruminant digestive model using bacteria already employed early in evolution by symbiotic mollusks (1996) JMol Evol, 43, pp. 525-527
  • Olsen, Q.M., Nilsen, I.W., Sletten, K., Myrnes, B., Multiple invertebrate lysozymes in blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) (2003) Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol, 136, pp. 107-115
  • Donaghy, L., Lambert, C., Choi, K.-S., Soudant, P., Hemocytes of the carpet shell clam (Ruditapes decussatus) and the Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum): Current knowledge and future prospects (2009) Aquaculture, 297, pp. 10-24
  • Falco, A., Frost, P., Miest, J., Pionnier, N., Irnazarow, I., Hoole, D., Reduced inflammatory response to Aeromonas salmonicida infection in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) fed with b-glucan supplements (2012) Fish Shellfish Immunol, 32, pp. 1051-1057
  • Djordjevic, B., Škugor, S., Jørgensen, S.M., Øverland, M., Mydland, L.T., Krasnov, A., Modulation of splenic immune responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed lentinan, a beta-glucan from mushroom Lentinula edodes (2009) Fish Shellfish Immunol, 26, pp. 201-209
  • Butt, D., Aladaileh, S., O'Connor, W.A., Raftos, D.A., Effect of starvation on biological factors related to immunological defence in the Sydney rock oyster (Saccostrea glomerata) (2007) Aquaculture, 264, pp. 82-91
  • Lin, T., Xing, J., Jiang, J., Tang, X., Zhan, W., β-glucan-stimulated activation of six enzymes in the haemocytes of the scallop Chlamys farreri at different water temperatures (2011) Aquaculture, 315, pp. 213-221
  • Ren, H.L., Xu, D.D., Gopalakrishnan, S., Qiao, K., Huang, W.B., Wang, K.J., Gene cloning of a sigma class glutathione S-transferase from abalone (Haliotis diversicolor) and expression analysis upon bacterial challenge (2009) Dev Comp Immunol, 33 (9), pp. 980-990
  • Rocchetta, I., Mazzuca, M., Conforti, V., Balzaretti, V., Ríos de Molina, M.C., Chromium induced stress conditions in heterotrophic and auxotrophic strains of Euglena gracilis (2012) Ecotox Environ Safe, 84, pp. 147-154
  • Kerambrun, E., Henry, F., Marechal, A., Sanchez, W., Minier, C., Filipuci, I., Amultibiomarker approach in juvenile turbot, Scophthalmus maximus, exposed to contaminated sediments (2012) Ecotox Environ Safe, 80, pp. 45-53
  • Chícharo, L.M.Z., Chícharo, M.A., Alves, F., Amaral, A., Pereira, A., Regala, J., Diel variation of the RNArDNA ratios in Crassostrea angulata (Lamarck) and Ruditapes decussatus (Linnaeus 1758), Mollusca: Bivalvia (2001) JExp Mar Biol Ecol, 259, pp. 121-129
  • Fathallah, S., Medhioub, M.N., Medhioub, A., Boussetta, H., Biochemical indices (RNA/DNA ratio and protein content) in studying the nutritional status of Ruditapes decussatus (Linnaeus 1758) juveniles (2010) Aquac Res, 42, pp. 139-146
  • Lopez, N., Cuzon, G., Gaxiola, G., Taboada, G., Valenzuela, M., Pascual, C., Physiological, nutritional, and immunological role of dietary b-1-3 glucan and ascorbic acid 2-monophosphate in Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles (2003) Aquaculture, 224, pp. 223-243
  • Ji, C., Wu, H., Wei, L., Zhao, J., Wang, Q., Lu, H., Responses of Mytilus galloprovincialis to bacterial challenges by metabolomics and proteomics (2013) Fish Shellfish Immunol, 35, pp. 489-498
  • Norkko, J., Norkko, A., Thrush, S.F., Cummings, V.J., Detecting growth under environmental extremes: spatial and temporal patterns in nucleic acid ratios in two Antarctic bivalves (2005) JExp Mar Biol Ecol, 326, pp. 144-156

Citas:

---------- APA ----------
Bianchi, V.A., Castro, J.M., Rocchetta, I., Nahabedian, D.E., Conforti, V. & Luquet, C.M. (2015) . Long-term feeding with Euglena gracilis cells modulates immune responses, oxidative balance and metabolic condition in Diplodon chilensis (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Hyriidae) exposed to living Escherichia coli. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 42(2), 367-378.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2014.11.022
---------- CHICAGO ----------
Bianchi, V.A., Castro, J.M., Rocchetta, I., Nahabedian, D.E., Conforti, V., Luquet, C.M. "Long-term feeding with Euglena gracilis cells modulates immune responses, oxidative balance and metabolic condition in Diplodon chilensis (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Hyriidae) exposed to living Escherichia coli" . Fish and Shellfish Immunology 42, no. 2 (2015) : 367-378.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2014.11.022
---------- MLA ----------
Bianchi, V.A., Castro, J.M., Rocchetta, I., Nahabedian, D.E., Conforti, V., Luquet, C.M. "Long-term feeding with Euglena gracilis cells modulates immune responses, oxidative balance and metabolic condition in Diplodon chilensis (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Hyriidae) exposed to living Escherichia coli" . Fish and Shellfish Immunology, vol. 42, no. 2, 2015, pp. 367-378.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2014.11.022
---------- VANCOUVER ----------
Bianchi, V.A., Castro, J.M., Rocchetta, I., Nahabedian, D.E., Conforti, V., Luquet, C.M. Long-term feeding with Euglena gracilis cells modulates immune responses, oxidative balance and metabolic condition in Diplodon chilensis (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Hyriidae) exposed to living Escherichia coli. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2015;42(2):367-378.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2014.11.022