Navegar

Colección

Datos Estadísticas

Artículo

La versión final de este artículo es de uso interno. El editor solo permite incluir en el repositorio el artículo en su versión post-print. Por favor, si usted la posee enviela a
Consulte el artículo en la página del editor
Consulte la política de Acceso Abierto del editor

Abstract:

The Upper Parana Atlantic Forest, as with other areas, has been modified due to anthropogenic activities, generating a mosaic of agricultural fields and forests of varying ages and levels of conservation. The objective of this study was to identify structural and floristic patterns in secondary forests generated in abandoned fields with varying historic uses. Changes in vegetation were surveyed using chronosequences from 2 to 70 years. Stands with different land use histories in three areas of northern Misiones, Argentina, were considered. Adults (DBH ≥ 10 cm), saplings (3 ≥ DBH < 10 cm), seedlings (DBH < 3 cm and height ≥ 50 cm) and non-arboreous vegetation (herbaceous plants and shrubs) were surveyed. Data was analyzed using multivariate techniques (TWINSPAN, Detrended Correspondence Analysis, Cluster Analysis, and Kruskal-Wallis test). In the floristic analysis, two main forest groups were identified: one made up of primary forest and oldest secondary forest (>20 years), and another of the youngest secondary forests (<20 years). Basal area and density of individuals (seedlings, saplings, and adults) rapidly increased during the first two decades, and subsequently the adult category reached values comparable to those of mature forests (32 m2/ha and 850 individuals/ha). During the early years of succession, the forests showed floristic and structural differences related to history of use previous to abandonment; abandoned annual crops showed the greatest densities of saplings and seedlings, while abandoned pastures presented only individuals in the seedling category, and at very low densities. In stands analyzed since the beginning of succession, species of several ecological groups were present (pioneer, initial secondary, late secondary), while climax species appeared only in the seedling category, and in abandoned pastures no species of the later groups were recorded. Our results suggest that differences recorded during the early years of regeneration in sites with varying historic uses may be generated mainly by remnant vegetation at the time of abandonment of the fields (grasses and remnant monoculture plants). After 20 years of succession, it was no longer possible to differentiate the forests structurally or floristically, regardless of age or historic use of each stand. Due to their rapid regeneration capacity, the forests studied play an important role from the start of the successional process in heterogeneous anthropogenic landscapes such as that of Misiones, and contribute to maintaining biodiversity while providing numerous environmental services. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Registro:

Documento: Artículo
Título:Effects of history of use on secondary forest regeneration in the Upper Parana Atlantic Forest (Misiones, Argentina)
Autor:Holz, S.; Placci, G.; Quintana, R.D.
Filiación:Laboratorio de Ecología Regional, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Argentina
Departamento de Conservación de la Biodiversidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), San Cristobal de las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico
Aires, Córdoba, Argentina
Comisión Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
Idioma: Inglés
Palabras clave:Atlantic Forest; Historic land use; Secondary forests; Secondary succession; Selva Paranaense; Atlantic Forest; Historic land use; Secondary forests; Secondary succession; Selva Paranaense; Biodiversity; Cluster analysis; Land use; Vegetation; Forestry; basal area; biodiversity; chronosequence; climax; ecosystem service; floristics; human activity; land use change; pasture; regeneration; secondary forest; secondary succession; statistical analysis; vegetation dynamics; Biodiversity; Forestry; Land Use; Plants; Atlantic Forest; Brazil; Parana; South America; Poaceae
Año:2009
Volumen:258
Número:7
Página de inicio:1629
Página de fin:1642
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.07.023
Título revista:Forest Ecology and Management
Título revista abreviado:For. Ecol. Manage.
ISSN:03781127
CODEN:FECMD
Registro:https://bibliotecadigital.exactas.uba.ar/collection/paper/document/paper_03781127_v258_n7_p1629_Holz

Referencias:

  • Aide, T.M., Cavelier, J., Barriers to lowland tropical forest restoration in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia (1994) Restoration Ecology, 2, pp. 219-229
  • Aide, T.M., Zimmerman, J.K., Pascarella, J.B., Rivera, L., Marcano-Vega, L., Forest regeneration in a chronosequence of tropical abandoned pastures: implications for restoration ecology (2000) Restoration Ecology, 8, pp. 328-339
  • Aide, T.M., Zimmerman, J.K., Herrera, L., Rosario, M., Serrano, M., Forest recovery in abandoned tropical pastures in Puerto Rico (1995) Forest Ecology and Management, 77, pp. 77-86
  • Álvarez-Yépiz, J.C., Martínez-Yrízar, A., Búrquez, A., Linquist, C., Variation in vegetation structure and soil properties related to land use history of old-growth and secondary tropical dry forests in northwestern Mexico (2008) Forest Ecology and Management, 256, pp. 355-366
  • Ashton, P.M., Gamage, S., Gunatilleke, I.A., Gunatilleke, C.V., Using Caribbean pine to establish a mixed plantation: testing effects of pine canopy removal on plantings of rain forest tree species (1998) Forest Ecology and Management, 106, pp. 211-222
  • Ataroff, M., Rada, F., Deforestation impact on water dynamics in a Venezuelan Andean Cloud Forest (2000) AMBIO, pp. 440-444
  • Baider, C., Tabarelli, M., Montovani, W., O banco de sementes em um techo de floresta Atlántica Montana (São Paulo, Brasil) (1999) Revista Brasileira de Biología, 59, pp. 319-328
  • Benjamin, K., Domon, G., Bouchard, A., Vegetation composition and succession of abandoned farmland: effects of ecological, historical and spatial factors (2005) Landscape Ecology, 20, pp. 627-647
  • Breugel, M., van Bongers, F.J.J.M., Martinez Ramos, M., Species dynamics during early secondary forest succession: recruitment, mortality and species turnover (2007) Biotropica, 39, pp. 610-619
  • Brown, S., Lugo, A., Tropical secondary forest (1990) Journal of Tropical Ecology, 6, pp. 1-32
  • Budowski, G., Distribution of tropical American rain forest species in the light of successional processes (1965) Turrialba, 15, pp. 40-42
  • Cabrera, A.L., Enciclopedia de Agricultura y Jardinería (1976) Regiones Fitogeográficas Argentinas, , 85 pp
  • Campanello, P.I., Gatti, M.G., Ares, A., Montti, L., Goldstein, G., Tree regeneration and microclimate in a liana and bamboo-dominated semideciduous Atlantic Forest (2007) Forest Ecology and Management, 252, pp. 108-117
  • Chazdon, R.L., Letcher, S.G., van Breugel, M., Martinez-Ramos, M., Bongers, F., Finegan, B., Rates of change in tree communities of secondary Neotropical forests following major disturbances (2007) Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 362, pp. 273-289
  • Chinea, D., Tropical forest succession on abandoned farms in the Humacao Municipality of eastern Puerto Rico (2002) Forest Ecology and Management, 167, pp. 195-207
  • Chinea, D., Helmer, E., Diversity and composition of tropical secondary forest recovering from large-scale clearing: results from the 1990 inventory in Puerto Rico (2003) Forest Ecology and Management, 180, pp. 227-240
  • Christensen, N.L., Peet, R.K., Convergence during secondary forest succession (1984) Journal of Ecology, 72, pp. 25-36
  • Compton, J.E., Boone, R.D., Long-term impacts of agriculture on soil carbon and nitrogen in New England forests (2000) Ecology, 81, pp. 2314-2330
  • Conover, W.J., (1999) Practical Nonparametric Statistics, , John Wiley and Sons, Inc, New York 584 pp
  • Crespo, J.A., Ecología de la comunidad de mamíferos del Parque Nacional Iguazú. Misiones. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales (1982) Bernardino Rivadavia, 3, pp. 1-162
  • De Paula Lima, W., Brito Zakia, M.J., Hidrologia de matas ciliares (2000) Matas Ciliares: Conservação e recuperação, pp. 33-44. , Ribeiro Rodriguez, R, Leitão Filho, F, Eds, Edusp, São Paulo, pp
  • Denslow, J.S., Guzman, S., Variation in structure, light and seedling abundance across a tropical moist forest chronosequence. Panama (2000) Journal of Vegetation Science, 11, pp. 201-212
  • Di Bitetti, M.S., Placci, G., Dietz, L.A., (2003) A Biodiversity Vision for the Upper Parana Atlantic Forest Ecoregion: Designing a Biodiversity Conservation Landscape and Setting Priorities for Conservation Action, , World Wildlife Fund, Washington, D.C. 104 pp
  • Drury, W.H., Nisbet, I.C.T., Succession (1973) J. Arnold Arboretum, 54, pp. 331-368
  • Drury, S.A., Runkle, J.R., Forest vegetation change in southeast Ohio: do older forests serve as useful models for predicting the successional trajectory of future forests? (2006) Forest ecology and management, 223, pp. 200-210
  • Egler, F.E., Vegetation science concepts. I. Initial floristic composition, a factor in old-field development (1954) Vegetatio, 4, pp. 412-417
  • Fernández, R., Fahler, J., Fassola, H., Pahr, N., Lupi, A., Influencia de la compactación producida durante la tala rasa sobre la productividad del segundo ciclo de Pinus taeda L. (1995) Bosque, 16, pp. 91-99
  • Ferretti, A.R., Kageyama, P.Y., Arbocz, G.F., Dos Santos, J.G., Barros, M.I., Lorza, R.F., Oliveira, C., Classificação das espécies arbóreas em grupos ecológicos para revegetação com nativas no Estado de São Paulo (1995) Florestar Estatístico, 3, pp. 73-77
  • Finegan, B., Pattern and process in neotropical secondary rain forest: the first 100 years of succession (1996) Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 11, pp. 119-124
  • Finegan, B., Delgado, D., Structural and floristic heterogeneity in a 30-year-old Costa Rican rain forest restored on pasture through natural secondary succession (2000) Restoration Ecology, 8, pp. 361-370
  • Foster, D.R., Land-use history (1730-1990) and vegetation dynamics in central New England, USA (1992) Journal of Ecology, 80, pp. 753-772
  • Fukushima, M., Kanzaki, M., Hara, M., Ohkubo, T., Preechapanya, P., Choocharoen, Ch., Secondary forest succession after the cessation of swidden cultivation in the montane forest area in Northern Thailand (2008) Forest Ecology and Management, 255, pp. 1994-2006
  • Gauch, H.G., Whittaker, R.H., Hierarchical classification of community data (1981) Journal of Ecology, 69, pp. 537-557
  • Gerhardt, F., Foster, D., Physiological and historical effects on forest vegetation in central New England, USA (2002) Journal of Biogeography, 29, pp. 1424-1437
  • Glenn-Lewin, D., van der Maarel, C.E., Patterns and processes of vegetation dynamics (1992) Plant Succession: Theory and Prediction, pp. 11-59. , Glenn-Lewin D.C., Peet R.K., and Veblen T.T. (Eds), Chapman and Hall, London
  • Gómez-Pompa, A., Vázquez-Yanes, C., Successional studies of a rain forest in Mexico (1981) Forest Succession: Concepts and Application, pp. 246-266. , Shugart H.H., and y Botkin D.B. (Eds), Springer-Verlag, New York
  • Grau, R., Veblen, T.T., Rainfall variability, fire and vegetation dynamics in neotropical montane ecosystem in north-western in Argentina (2000) Journal of Biogeogrphy, 27, pp. 1107-1121
  • Guariguata, M.R., Chazdon, R.L., Denslow, J.S., Dupuy, J.M., Anderson, L., Structure and floristics of secondary and old-growth forest stands in lowland Costa Rica (1997) Plant Ecology, 132, pp. 107-120
  • Guariguata, M.R., Ostertag, R., Neotropical secondary forest succession: changes in structural and functional characteristics (2001) Forest Ecology and Management, 148, pp. 185-206
  • Guevara, S., Laborde, J., Monitoring seed dispersal at isolated trees in neotropical pastures: consequences for local species availability (1993) Vegetation, 107, pp. 319-338
  • Harvey, C.A., Windbreaks enhance seed dispersal into agricultural landscapes in Monteverde, Costa Rica (2000) Ecological Applications, 10, pp. 155-173
  • Hill, M., (1979) TWINSPAN-A FORTRAN program for arranging multivariate data in an ordered two way table by classification of individuals and attributes, , Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. 90 pp
  • Hill, M., Gauch, H., Detrended correspondence analysis: an improved ordination technique (1980) Vegetation, 42, pp. 47-58
  • Holl, K.D., Effects of above and belowground competition of shrubs and grass on Calophyllum brasiliense (Camb.) seedling growth in abandoned tropical pasture (1998) Forest Ecology and Management, 109, pp. 187-195
  • Holl, K.D., Factors limiting tropical rain forest regeneration in abandoned pasture: seed rain, seed germination, microclimate and soil (1999) Biotropica, 31, pp. 229-242
  • Holl, K.D., Loik, M.E., Lin, E.H., Samuels, I.A., Tropical Montane Forest Restoration in Costa Rica: overcoming barriers to dispersal and establishment (2000) Restoration Ecology, 8, pp. 339-349
  • Holz, S., (2007) Patrones de cambio durante la recuperación de la vegetación en campos agropecuarios abandonados del Bosque Atlántico del Alto Paraná, , Doctoral thesis, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 139 pp
  • Holz, S.C., Chediack, S., Placci, L.G., (2001) Parámetros estructurales de bosques con distinta historia de uso en el norte de Misiones. I Reunión Binacional de Ecología, , Asociación Argentina de Ecología/Sociedad de Ecología de Chile. Bariloche, Argentina
  • Holz, S.C., Placci, L.G., 2003. Socioeconomic Roots of Biodiversity Loss in Misiones. In: Galindo-Leal, Gusmão Câmara (Eds.), State of Hotspots. The Atlantic Forest of South America: Biodiversity Status, Threats, and Outlook. Center for Applied Biodiversity Science at Conservation International. Island Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 207-227Holz, S., Placci, L.G., 2005. Stimulating natural regeneration. In: Mansourian, S., Vallauri, D., Dudley, N. (Eds.), in cooperation with WWF), Forest Landscape Restoration in Landscapes: Beyond Planting Trees. Springer, New York, pp. 250-257Holz, S., Placci, G., El desafío de las restauraciones en paisajes poblados: un enfoque multidisciplinar en Misiones (2008) Restauración de bosques en América Latina, pp. 163-179. , Gonzalez-Espinosa M., Rey-Benayas J.M., and Ramirez-Marcial N. (Eds), Mundi-prensa, Mexico
  • Hubbell, S.P., Foster, R.B., Biology, chance and history and the structure of tropical rain forest trees communities (1986) Community Ecology, pp. 314-329. , Diamond J., and Case T.J. (Eds), Harper and Row, New York
  • Johnstone, J.F., Chapin, F.S., Non-equilibrium succession dynamic indicate continued northern migration of lodgepole pine (2003) Global Change Biology, 9, pp. 1401-1409
  • Johnson, E.A., Miyanishi, K., Testing the assumptions of chronosequences in succession (2008) Ecology Letters, 11, pp. 419-431
  • Kageyama, P., Gandara, F., Recuperação de Areas Ciliares (2000) Matas Ciliares: Conservação e recuperação, pp. 249-269. , Rodriguez, R, Filho, L, Eds, Edusp, San Pablo, pp
  • Kageyama, P., Brito, M., Baptiston, I., Estudo do mecanismo de reprodução de espécies da mata natural (1986) Estudo para implanta de Matas Ciliares de Proteção na Bacia Hidrográfica do Passa Cinco, visando a utilização para abastecimento público, DAEE/USP/FEALQ, , Kageyama, P, Ed, Piracicaba, Brasil, 236 pp
  • Kalacska, M., Sanchez-Azofeifa, G.A., Calvo-Alvarado, J.C., Quesada, M., Rivarda, B., Janzen, D.H., Species composition, similarity and diversity in three successional stages of a seasonally dry tropical forest (2004) Forest Ecology and Management, 200, pp. 227-247
  • Keller, T., Air pollutant deposition and effects on plants (1983) Accumulation of Air Pollutants in Forest Ecosystems, pp. 203-241. , Ulrich B., and Pankrath J. (Eds), Reidel, Dordrecht, Holland
  • Kammesheidt, L., Perspectives on secondary forest management in tropical humid lowland (2002) America Ambio, 31, pp. 243-250
  • Kozlowski, T.T., Physiological ecology of natural regeneration of harvested and disturbed forest stands: implications for forest management (2002) Forest Ecology and Management, 158, pp. 195-221
  • Lamb, D., Parrota, J., Keenan, R., Tucker, N., Rejoining habitat remnants: restoring degraded rainforest lands (1997) Tropical Forest Remnants: Ecology, Management and Conservation of Fragmented Communities, pp. 366-386. , Laurance W., and Bierregaard R. (Eds), University of Chicago Press, Chicago, USA
  • Lang, G.E., Knight, d.H., Tree growth, mortality, recruitment, and canopy gap formation during a 10-year period in a tropical moist forest (1983) Ecology, 64, pp. 1075-1080
  • Licata, J.A., Gyenge, J.E., Fernandez, M.E., Schlichter, T.M., Bond, B.J., Increased water use by ponderosa pine plantations in northwestern Patagonia, Argentina compared with native forest vegetation (2008) Forest Ecology and Management, 255, pp. 753-764
  • Lovejoy, T.A., Rehabilitation of degraded tropical forest lands (1985) The Environmental, 5, pp. 1-8
  • Martinez-Crovetto, R., Esquema fitogeográfico de la provincia de Misiones (1963) Bonplandia, 1, pp. 171-223
  • Meli, P., Restauración ecológica de bosques tropicales. Veinte años de investigación académica (2003) Interciencia, 28, pp. 581-589
  • Montagnini, F., Eibl, B., Szczipanski, L., Rios, R., Tree Regeneration and species diversity following conventional and uniform spacing methods of selective cutting in a subtropical humid forest reserve (1998) Biotropica, 30, pp. 349-361
  • Montagnini, F., Strategies for the recovery of degraded ecosystems: experiences from Latin America (2001) Interciencia, 26, pp. 498-503
  • Moran, E.F., Brondizio, E.S., Tucker, J.M., da Silva Forsberg, M.C., McCracken, S., Falesi, I., Effects of soil fertility and land-use on forest succession in Amazonia (2000) Forest Ecology and Management, 139, pp. 93-108
  • Motskin, G., Wilson, P., Foster, D., Allen, A., Vegetation patterns in heterogeneous landscapes: the importance of history and environmental (1999) Journal of Vegetation Science, 10, pp. 903-920
  • Muñiz-Castro, M.A., Willams-Linera, G., Rey Benayas, J.M., Distance effect from cloud forest fragments on plant community structure in abandoned pastures in Veracruz, Mexico (2006) Journal of Tropical Ecology, 22, pp. 431-440
  • Myers, N., Mittenmeier, R.A., Mittenmeier, C.G., da Fonseca, G.A.B., Kent, J., Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities (2000) Nature, 403, pp. 853-858
  • www.meteofa.mil.ar, National Meteorological ServiceNepstad, D.C., Uhl, C., Pereira, C.A., Cardoso da Silva, J.M., A comparative study of tree establishment in abandoned pasture and mature forest of eastern Amazonia (1996) Oikos, 76, pp. 25-39
  • Nepstad, D.C., Uhl, C., Serrão, A.E., Surmounting barriers to forest regeneration in abandoned, highly degraded pastures: A case study from Paragominas, Pará, Brazil (1990) Alternatives to Deforestation: Steps Toward Sustainable Utilization of Amazon Forests, pp. 215-229. , Anderson, A, Eds, Columbia University Press, New York, pp
  • Pascarella, J.B., Aide, T.M., Serrano, M.I., Zimmerman, J.K., Land-use history and forest regeneration in the Cayey Mountains, Puerto Rico (2000) Ecosystems, 3, pp. 217-228
  • Peña-Claros, M., Changes in forest structure and species composition during secondary forest succession in the Bolivian Amazon (2003) Biotropica, 35, pp. 450-461
  • Pickett, S.T.A., Collins, S.L., Armesto, J.J., Models, mechanisms and pathways of succession (1987) Botanical Review, 53, pp. 335-371
  • Pickett, S.T.A., White, P.S., (1985) The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics, , Academic Press, New York, USA 472 pp
  • Placci, L.G., Arditi, S.I., Gorgis, P.A., Wutrich, A.A., Estructura del palmital e importancia de Euterpe edulis como especie clave en el Parque Nacional Iguazú, Argentina (1992) Yvyrareta, 3, pp. 93-108
  • Placci, G.L., Giorgis, P.A., Estructura y diversidad de la selva del Parque Nacional Iguazú, Argentina (1993) Actas de las VII Jornadas Técnicas de Ecosistemas Forestales Nativos: Uso, manejo y conservación, pp. 253-267. , Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Misiones, Eldorado, Argentina, pp
  • Powers, J.S., Becknel, J.M., Irving, J., Pèrez-Aviles, D., Diversity and structure of regenerating tropical dry forest in Costa Rica: Geographic patterns and environmental drivers (2008) Forest Ecology and Management, , doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2008.10.036
  • Reiners, W.A., Bowman, A.F., Parsons, W.F.J., Keller, M., Tropical rainforest conversion to pasture changes in vegetation and soil properties (1994) Ecological Applications, 42, pp. 363-377
  • Saldariaga, J.G., West, D.C., Tharp, M.L.U., Long-term chronosequence of forest succession in the upper Rio Negro of Colombia and Venezuela (1988) Journal of Ecology, 76, pp. 938-958
  • Sesnie, S.E., Finegan, B., Gessier, P.E., Zayra, R., Landscape-scale environmental and floristic variation in Costa Rican Old-Growth rain forest remnants (2009) Biotropica, 41, pp. 16-26
  • Souza, R.P., Valio, I.F., Seed size, seed germination and seedling survival of Brazilian tropical trees differing in successional status (2001) Biotropica, 33, pp. 447-457
  • Spichiger, R., Bertoni, B., Loizeau, P.A., The forest of the Paraguayan Alto Paraná (1992) Conservatoire et jardin botaniques de Genève, 47, pp. 219-250
  • Steininger, M.K., Secondary forest structure and biomass following short and extended land-use in central and Southern Amazonia (2000) Journal of Tropical Ecology, 16, pp. 689-708
  • Szott, L.T., Fernandes, E.C.M., Sanchez, P.A., Soil-plant interactions in agroforestry systems (1991) Forest Ecology and Management, 45, pp. 127-152
  • Thorne, J.F., Hamburg, S.P., Nitrification potentials of an old-field chronosequence in Campton, New Hampshire (1985) Ecology, 66, pp. 1333-1338
  • Toledo, M.Y., Salick, J., Secondary succession and indigenous management in semideciduous forest fallows of the Amazon basin (2006) Biotropica, 38, pp. 161-170
  • Uhl, C., Buschbacher, R., Serrão, E.A.S., Abandoned pastures in eastern Amazonia. I. Patterns of plant succession (1988) Journal of Ecology, 7, pp. 663-681
  • Uhl, C., Clark, K., Clark, H., Murphy, P., Early plant succession after cutting and burning in the upper Rio Negro region of the Amazon basin (1981) Journal of Ecology, 69, pp. 631-649
  • Unger, P.W., Kaspar, T., Soil compaction and root growth: a review (1994) Agronomy Journal, 86, pp. 759-766
  • Vaccaro, S., Arturi, M., Goya, J., Frangi, J., Piccolo, G., Almacenaje de Carbono en estadios de la sucesión secundaria en la provincia de Misiones (2003) Interciencia, 28, pp. 521-527
  • Van der Maarel, E., Transformation of cover-abundance values in phytosociology and its effects on community similarity (1979) Vegetation, 39, pp. 97-114
  • Ward, J.H., Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective function (1963) Journal of the American Statistical Association, 58, pp. 236-244
  • Warren, J.M., Meinzer, F.C., Brooks, J.R., Domec, J.C., Vertical stratification of soil water storage and release dynamics in Pacific Northwest coniferous forests (2005) Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 130, pp. 39-58
  • Whitmore, T.C., Tropical rain forest dynamics and its implications for management (1991) Rain Forest Regeneration and Management, pp. 667-689. , Gomez-Pompa A., and Whitmore T.C. (Eds), UNESCO, Paris
  • Whitney, G.G., Foster, D.R., Overstorey composition and age as determinants of the understorey flora of woods of central New England (1988) Journal of Ecology, 76, pp. 867-876
  • Zar, J.H., (1999) Biostatistical Analysis, , Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 663 pp
  • Zimmerman, J.K., Pascarella, J.B., Aide, T.M., Barriers to forest regeneration in an abandoned pasture in Puerto Rico (2000) Restoration Ecology, 8, pp. 350-360

Citas:

---------- APA ----------
Holz, S., Placci, G. & Quintana, R.D. (2009) . Effects of history of use on secondary forest regeneration in the Upper Parana Atlantic Forest (Misiones, Argentina). Forest Ecology and Management, 258(7), 1629-1642.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.07.023
---------- CHICAGO ----------
Holz, S., Placci, G., Quintana, R.D. "Effects of history of use on secondary forest regeneration in the Upper Parana Atlantic Forest (Misiones, Argentina)" . Forest Ecology and Management 258, no. 7 (2009) : 1629-1642.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.07.023
---------- MLA ----------
Holz, S., Placci, G., Quintana, R.D. "Effects of history of use on secondary forest regeneration in the Upper Parana Atlantic Forest (Misiones, Argentina)" . Forest Ecology and Management, vol. 258, no. 7, 2009, pp. 1629-1642.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.07.023
---------- VANCOUVER ----------
Holz, S., Placci, G., Quintana, R.D. Effects of history of use on secondary forest regeneration in the Upper Parana Atlantic Forest (Misiones, Argentina). For. Ecol. Manage. 2009;258(7):1629-1642.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.07.023