Artículo

De Ridder, D.; Elgoyhen, A.B.; Romo, R.; Langguth, B. "Phantom percepts: Tinnitus and pain as persisting aversive memory networks" (2011) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108(20):8075-8080
Estamos trabajando para incorporar este artículo al repositorio
Consulte el artículo en la página del editor
Consulte la política de Acceso Abierto del editor

Abstract:

Phantomperception refers to the conscious awareness of a percept in the absence of an external stimulus. On the basis of basic neuroscience on perception and clinical research in phantom pain and phantom sound, we propose a working model for their origin. Sensory deafferentation results in high-frequency, gamma band, synchronized neuronal activity in the sensory cortex. This activity becomes a conscious percept only if it is connected to larger coactivated "(self-)awareness" and "salience" brain networks. Through the involvement of learning mechanisms, the phantom percept becomes associated to distress, which in turn is reflected by a simultaneously coactivated nonspecific distress network consisting of the anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula, and amygdala. Memory mechanisms play a role in the persistence of the awareness of the phantom percept, as well as in the reinforcement of the associated distress. Thus, different dynamic overlapping brain networks should be considered as targets for the treatment of this disorder.

Registro:

Documento: Artículo
Título:Phantom percepts: Tinnitus and pain as persisting aversive memory networks
Autor:De Ridder, D.; Elgoyhen, A.B.; Romo, R.; Langguth, B.
Filiación:Tinnitus Research Initiative, Brain Research Center Antwerp for Innovative and Interdisciplinary Neuromodulation, University Hospital Antwerp, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas and Tercera Catedra de Farmacologia, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
Instituto de Fisiología Celular-Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Mexico D.F., Mexico
Interdisciplinary Tinnitus Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
Palabras clave:amygdaloid nucleus; anterior cingulate; awareness; deafferentation; distress syndrome; gamma rhythm; human; insula; learning; memory; nonhuman; perception; phantom pain; phantom perception; priority journal; reinforcement; review; sensory cortex; tinnitus; Awareness; Consciousness; Humans; Memory; Models, Neurological; Nerve Net; Pain; Perceptual Disorders; Tinnitus
Año:2011
Volumen:108
Número:20
Página de inicio:8075
Página de fin:8080
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1018466108
Título revista:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Título revista abreviado:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.
ISSN:00278424
CODEN:PNASA
Registro:https://bibliotecadigital.exactas.uba.ar/collection/paper/document/paper_00278424_v108_n20_p8075_DeRidder

Referencias:

  • Deco, G., Romo, R., The role of fluctuations in perception (2008) Trends Neurosci, 31, pp. 591-598
  • Flor, H., Nikolajsen, L., Staehelin Jensen, T., Phantom limb pain: A case of maladaptive CNS plasticity? (2006) Nat Rev Neurosci, 7, pp. 873-881
  • Jastreboff, P.J., Phantom auditory perception (tinnitus): Mechanisms of generation and perception (1990) Neurosci Res, 8, pp. 221-254
  • Legrain, V., Iannetti, G.D., Plaghki, L., Mouraux, A., The pain matrix reloaded: A salience detection system for the body (2011) Prog Neurobiol, 93, pp. 111-124
  • Merskey, R., Bogduk, N., (1994) Descriptions of Chronic Pain Syndromes and Definitions of Pain Terms, , IASP, Seattle
  • Moisset, X., Bouhassira, D., Brain imaging of neuropathic pain (2007) NeuroImage, 37 (SUPPL. 1), pp. S80-S88. , DOI 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.03.054, PII S1053811907002893
  • Colder, B.W., Tanenbaum, L., Dissociation of fMRI activation and awareness in auditory perception task (1999) Cognitive Brain Research, 8 (3), pp. 177-184. , DOI 10.1016/S0926-6410(99)00015-4, PII S0926641099000154
  • Del Bo, L., Tinnitus aurium in persons with normal hearing: 55 years later (2008) Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 139, pp. 391-394
  • Vanneste, S., The neural correlates of tinnitus-related distress (2010) Neuroimage, 52, pp. 470-480
  • Tonndorf, J., The analogy between tinnitus and pain: A suggestion for a physiological basis of chronic tinnitus (1987) Hear Res, 28, pp. 271-275
  • Møller, A.R., Similarities between chronic pain and tinnitus (1997) Am J Otol, 18, pp. 577-585
  • Norena, A., Micheyl, C., Chery-Croze, S., Collet, L., Psychoacoustic characterization of the tinnitus spectrum: Implications for the underlying mechanisms of tinnitus (2002) Audiology and Neuro-Otology, 7 (6), pp. 358-369. , DOI 10.1159/000066156
  • Ramachandran, V.S., Hirstein, W., The perception of phantom limbs. The D. O. Hebb lecture (1998) Brain, 121, pp. 1603-1630
  • De Ridder, D., De Mulder, G., Menovsky, T., Sunaert, S., Kovacs, S., Electrical stimulation of auditory and somatosensory cortices for treatment of tinnitus and pain (2007) Progress in Brain Research, 166, pp. 377-388. , DOI 10.1016/S0079-6123(07)66036-1, PII S0079612307660361, Tinnitus: Pathophysiology and Treatment
  • De Ridder, D., Moller, A., Similarities between treatments of tinnitus and central pain (2011) Textbook of Tinnitus, pp. 753-763. , eds Moller A, Langguth B, De Ridder D, Kleinjung T (Springer, New York)
  • Elgoyhen, A.B., Langguth, B., Pharmacological approaches to the treatment of tinnitus (2010) Drug Discov Today, 15, pp. 300-305
  • Kaas, J.H., Phantoms of the brain (1998) Nature, 391, pp. 331+333
  • Birbaumer, N., Effects of regional anesthesia on phantom limb pain are mirrored in changes in cortical reorganization (1997) Journal of Neuroscience, 17 (14), pp. 5503-5508
  • Eggermont, J.J., Roberts, L.E., The neuroscience of tinnitus (2004) Trends in Neurosciences, 27 (11), pp. 676-682. , DOI 10.1016/j.tins.2004.08.010, PII S0166223604002760
  • Muhlnickel, W., Elbert, T., Taub, E., Flor, H., Reorganization of auditory cortex in tinnitus (1998) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 95 (17), pp. 10340-10343. , DOI 10.1073/pnas.95.17.10340
  • MacIver, K., Lloyd, D.M., Kelly, S., Roberts, N., Nurmikko, T., Phantom limb pain, cortical reorganization and the therapeutic effect of mental imagery (2008) Brain, 131, pp. 2181-2191
  • Engineer, N.D., Reversing pathological neural activity using targeted plasticity (2011) Nature, 470, pp. 101-104
  • Buonomano, D.V., Merzenich, M.M., Cortical plasticity: From synapses to maps (1998) Annual Review of Neuroscience, 21, pp. 149-186. , DOI 10.1146/annurev.neuro.21.1.149
  • Gross, J., Schnitzler, A., Timmermann, L., Ploner, M., Gamma oscillations in human primary somatosensory cortex reflect pain perception (2007) PLoS Biol, 5, pp. e133
  • Crone, N.E., Boatman, D., Gordon, B., Hao, L., Induced electrocorticographic gamma activity during auditory perception. Brazier Award-winning article, 2001 (2001) Clin Neurophysiol, 112, pp. 565-582
  • Joliot, M., Ribary, U., Llinas, R., Human oscillatory brain activity near 40 Hz coexists with cognitive temporal binding (1994) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 91 (24), pp. 11748-11751. , DOI 10.1073/pnas.91.24.11748
  • Llinas, R.R., Ribary, U., Jeanmonod, D., Kronberg, E., Mitra, P.P., Thalamocortical dysrhythmia: A neurological and neuropsychiatric syndrome characterized by magnetoencephalography (1999) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 96 (26), pp. 15222-15227. , DOI 10.1073/pnas.96.26.15222
  • Weisz, N., The neural code of auditory phantom perception (2007) J Neurosci, 27, pp. 1479-1484
  • Van Der Loo, E., Tinnitus intensity dependent gamma oscillations of the contralateral auditory cortex (2009) PLoS ONE, 4, pp. e7396
  • Schadow, J., Lenz, D., Thaerig, S., Busch, N.A., Frund, I., Herrmann, C.S., Stimulus intensity affects early sensory processing: Sound intensity modulates auditory evoked gamma-band activity in human EEG (2007) International Journal of Psychophysiology, 65 (2), pp. 152-161. , DOI 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2007.04.006, PII S0167876007000864
  • Lorenz, I., Müller, N., Schlee, W., Hartmann, T., Weisz, N., Loss of alpha power is related to increased gamma synchronization-A marker of reduced inhibition in tinnitus? (2009) Neurosci Lett, 453, pp. 225-228
  • Weisz, N., Dohrmann, K., Elbert, T., The relevance of spontaneous activity for the coding of the tinnitus sensation (2007) Progress in Brain Research, 166, pp. 61-70. , DOI 10.1016/S0079-6123(07)66006-3, PII S0079612307660063, Tinnitus: Pathophysiology and Treatment
  • Canolty, R.T., Edwards, E., Dalal, S.S., Soltani, M., Nagarajan, S.S., Kirsch, H.E., Berger, M.S., Knight, R.T., High gamma power is phase-locked to theta oscillations in human neocortex (2006) Science, 313 (5793), pp. 1626-1628. , DOI 10.1126/science.1128115
  • De Ridder, D., Theta-gamma dysrhythmia and auditory phantom perception (2011) J Neurosurg, 114, pp. 912-921
  • Romo, R., Salinas, E., Flutter discrimination: Neural codes, perception, memory and decision making (2003) Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 4 (3), pp. 203-218. , DOI 10.1038/nrn1058
  • Crick, F., Koch, C., Are we aware of neural activity in primary visual cortex? (1995) Nature, 375, pp. 121-123
  • Lemus, L., Hernández, A., Romo, R., Neural encoding of auditory discrimination in ventral premotor cortex (2009) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 106, pp. 14640-14645
  • De Lafuente, V., Romo, R., Neuronal correlates of subjective sensory experience (2005) Nat Neurosci, 8, pp. 1698-1703
  • De Lafuente, V., Romo, R., Neural correlate of subjective sensory experience gradually builds up across cortical areas (2006) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 103, pp. 14266-14271
  • Romo, R., Hernandez, A., Zainos, A., Salinas, E., Somatosensory discrimination based on cortical microstimulation (1998) Nature, 392 (6674), pp. 387-390. , DOI 10.1038/32891
  • Lemus, L., Hernández, A., Romo, R., Neural codes for perceptual discrimination of acoustic flutter in the primate auditory cortex (2009) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 106, pp. 9471-9476
  • Mountcastle, V.B., An organizing principle for cerebral function: The unit module and the distributed system (1982) The Mindful Brain: Cortical Organization and Group Selective Theory of Higher Brain Function, pp. 7-50. , eds Edelman G, Mountcastle VB (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA)
  • Laureys, S., Eyes open, brain shut (2007) Sci Am, 296, pp. 84-89
  • Buckner, R.L., Andrews-Hanna, J.R., Schacter, D.L., The brain's default network: Anatomy, function, and relevance to disease (2008) Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1124, pp. 1-38. , DOI 10.1196/annals.1440.011, The Year in Cognitive Neuroscience 2008
  • Svoboda, E., McKinnon, M.C., Levine, B., The functional neuroanatomy of autobiographical memory: A meta-analysis (2006) Neuropsychologia, 44 (12), pp. 2189-2208. , DOI 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.05.023, PII S0028393206002090
  • Boly, M., Perception of pain in the minimally conscious state with PET activation: An observational study (2008) Lancet Neurol, 7, pp. 1013-1020
  • Laureys, S., Faymonville, M.E., Peigneux, P., Damas, P., Lambermont, B., Del, F.G., Degueldre, C., Maquet, P., Cortical processing of noxious somatosensory stimuli in the persistent vegetative state (2002) NeuroImage, 17 (2), pp. 732-741. , DOI 10.1016/S1053-8119(02)91236-X
  • Boly, M., Faymonville, M.-E., Peigneux, P., Lambermont, B., Damas, P., Del, F.G., Degueldre, C., Laureys, S., Auditory Processing in Severely Brain Injured Patients: Differences between the Minimally Conscious State and the Persistent Vegetative State (2004) Archives of Neurology, 61 (2), pp. 233-238. , DOI 10.1001/archneur.61.2.233
  • Laureys, S., Faymonville, M.-E., Degueldre, C., Del, F.G., Damas, P., Lambermont, B., Janssens, N., Maquet, P., Auditory processing in the vegetative state (2000) Brain, 123 (8), pp. 1589-1601
  • Flor, H., Phantom-limb pain as a perceptual correlate of cortical reorganization following arm amputation (1995) Nature, 375, pp. 482-484
  • Blanke, O., Morgenthaler, F.D., Brugger, P., Overney, L.S., Preliminary evidence for a fronto-parietal dysfunction in able-bodied participants with a desire for limb amputation (2009) J Neuropsychol, 3, pp. 181-200
  • Tsakiris, M., My body in the brain: A neurocognitive model of body-ownership (2010) Neuropsychologia, 48, pp. 703-712
  • Isnard, J., Magnin, M., Jung, J., Mauguière, F., Garcia-Larrea, L., Does the insula tell our brain that we are in pain? (2011) Pain, 152, pp. 946-951
  • Baier, B., Karnath, H.-O., Tight link between our sense of limb ownership and self-awareness of actions (2008) Stroke, 39 (2), pp. 486-488. , DOI 10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.495606, PII 0000767020080200000048
  • Boly, M., Balteau, E., Schnakers, C., Degueldre, C., Moonen, G., Luxen, A., Phillips, C., Laureys, S., Baseline brain activity fluctuations predict somatosensory perception in humans (2007) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104 (29), pp. 12187-12192. , DOI 10.1073/pnas.0611404104
  • Sadaghiani, S., Hesselmann, G., Kleinschmidt, A., Distributed and antagonistic contributions of ongoing activity fluctuations to auditory stimulus detection (2009) J Neurosci, 29, pp. 13410-13417
  • Seeley, W.W., Menon, V., Schatzberg, A.F., Keller, J., Glover, G.H., Kenna, H., Reiss, A.L., Greicius, M.D., Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control (2007) Journal of Neuroscience, 27 (9), pp. 2349-2356. , http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/reprint/27/9/2349, DOI 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5587-06.2007
  • Fecteau, J.H., Munoz, D.P., Salience, relevance, and firing: A priority map for target selection (2006) Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10 (8), pp. 382-390. , DOI 10.1016/j.tics.2006.06.011, PII S1364661306001616
  • Baars, B.J., How does a serial, integrated and very limited stream of consciousness emerge from a nervous system that is mostly unconscious, distributed, parallel and of enormous capacity? (1993) Ciba Found Symp, 174, pp. 282-290. , discussion 291-303
  • Dehaene, S., Changeux, J.-P., Naccache, L., Sackur, J., Sergent, C., Conscious, preconscious, and subliminal processing: A testable taxonomy (2006) Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10 (5), pp. 204-211. , DOI 10.1016/j.tics.2006.03.007, PII S1364661306000799
  • Lockwood, A.H., Wack, D.S., Burkard, R.F., Coad, M.L., Reyes, S.A., Arnold, S.A., Salvi, R.J., The functional anatomy of gaze-evoked tinnitus and sustained lateral gaze (2001) Neurology, 56 (4), pp. 472-480
  • Schlee, W., Hartmann, T., Langguth, B., Weisz, N., Abnormal resting-state cortical coupling in chronic tinnitus (2009) BMC Neurosci, 10, pp. 1-11
  • Flor, H., Muhlnickel, W., Karl, A., Denke, C., Grusser, S., Kurth, R., Taub, E., A neural substrate for nonpainful phantom limb phenomena (2000) NeuroReport, 11 (7), pp. 1407-1411
  • Grusser, S.M., Winter, C., Muhlnickel, W., Denke, C., Karl, A., Villringer, K., Flor, H., The relationship of perceptual phenomena and cortical reorganization in upper extremity amputees (2001) Neuroscience, 102 (2), pp. 263-272. , DOI 10.1016/S0306-4522(00)00491-7, PII S0306452200004917
  • Willoch, F., Phantom limb pain in the human brain: Unraveling neural circuitries of phantom limb sensations using positron emission tomography (2000) Ann Neurol, 48, pp. 842-849
  • Blanke, O., Ortigue, S., Landis, T., Seeck, M., Stimulating illusory own-body perceptions (2002) Nature, 419, pp. 269-270
  • De Ridder, D., Van Laere, K., Dupont, P., Menovsky, T., Van De, H.P., Visualizing out-of-body experience in the brain (2007) New England Journal of Medicine, 357 (18), pp. 1829-1833. , http://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/357/18/1829.pdf, DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa070010
  • Aspell, J.E., Lenggenhager, B., Blanke, O., Keeping in touch with one's self: Multisensory mechanisms of self-consciousness (2009) PLoS ONE, 4, pp. e6488
  • Wozny, D.R., Beierholm, U.R., Shams, L., Human trimodal perception follows optimal statistical inference (2008) J Vis, 8, pp. 24.1-24.11
  • Armel, K.C., Ramachandran, V.S., Projecting sensations to external objects: Evidence from skin conductance response (2003) Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 270 (1523), pp. 1499-1506. , DOI 10.1098/rspb.2003.2364
  • Ramachandran, V., Blakeslee, S., (1998) Phantoms in the Brain, , Harper Collins, New York
  • McCabe, C.S., Haigh, R.C., Halligan, P.W., Blake, D.R., Simulating sensory-motor incongruence in healthy volunteers: Implications for a cortical model of pain (2005) Rheumatology, 44 (4), pp. 509-516. , DOI 10.1093/rheumatology/keh529
  • Harris, A.J., Cortical origin of pathological pain (1999) Lancet, 354, pp. 1464-1466
  • Ramachandran, V.S., Rodgers-Ramachandran, D., Synaesthesia in phantom limbs induced with mirrors (1996) Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 263 (1369), pp. 377-386. , DOI 10.1098/rspb.1996.0058
  • McGurk, H., MacDonald, J., Hearing lips and seeing voices (1976) Nature, 264, pp. 746-748
  • Price, D.D., Psychological and neural mechanisms of the affective dimension of pain (2000) Science, 288, pp. 1769-1772
  • Sullivan, M.D., Disabling tinnitus. Association with affective disorder (1988) Gen Hosp Psychiatry, 10, pp. 285-291
  • Frot, M., Mauguiere, F., Magnin, M., Garcia-Larrea, L., Parallel processing of nociceptive A-delta inputs in SII and midcingulate cortex in humans (2008) Journal of Neuroscience, 28 (4), pp. 944-952. , http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/reprint/28/4/944, DOI 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2934-07.2008
  • Schlee, W., Weisz, N., Bertrand, O., Hartmann, T., Elbert, T., Using auditory steady state responses to outline the functional connectivity in the tinnitus brain (2008) PLoS ONE, 3, pp. e3720
  • Von Leupoldt, A., Dyspnea and pain share emotion-related brain network (2009) Neuroimage, 48, pp. 200-206
  • Masten, C.L., Neural correlates of social exclusion during adolescence: Understanding the distress of peer rejection (2009) Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci, 4, pp. 143-157
  • Critchley, H.D., Corfield, D.R., Chandler, M.P., Mathias, C.J., Dolan, R.J., Cerebral correlates of autonomic cardiovascular arousal: A functional neuroimaging investigation in humans (2000) J Physiol, 523, pp. 259-270
  • Jastreboff, P.J., Tinnitus retraining therapy (2007) Prog Brain Res, 166, pp. 415-423
  • Apkarian, A.V., Baliki, M.N., Geha, P.Y., Towards a theory of chronic pain (2009) Prog Neurobiol, 87, pp. 81-97
  • Jensen, T.S., Krebs, B., Nielsen, J., Rasmussen, P., Immediate and long-term phantom limb pain in amputees: Incidence, clinical characteristics and relationship to pre-amputation limb pain (1985) Pain, 21 (3), pp. 267-278. , DOI 10.1016/0304-3959(85)90090-9
  • Hinton, D.E., Chhean, D., Pich, V., Hofmann, S.G., Barlow, D.H., Tinnitus among Cambodian refugees: Relationship to PTSD severity (2006) Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19 (4), pp. 541-546. , DOI 10.1002/jts.20138
  • Van Marle, H.J., Hermans, E.J., Qin, S., Fernández, G., Enhanced resting-state connectivity of amygdala in the immediate aftermath of acute psychological stress (2010) Neuroimage, 53, pp. 348-354
  • Roozendaal, B., McEwen, B.S., Chattarji, S., Stress, memory and the amygdala (2009) Nat Rev Neurosci, 10, pp. 423-433
  • Ploner, M., Lee, M.C., Wiech, K., Bingel, U., Tracey, I., Flexible cerebral connectivity patterns subserve contextual modulations of pain (2011) Cereb Cortex, 21, pp. 719-726
  • Mahlke, C., Wallhausser-Franke, E., Evidence for tinnitus-related plasticity in the auditory and limbic system, demonstrated by arg3.1 and c-fos immunocytochemistry (2004) Hearing Research, 195 (1-2), pp. 17-34. , DOI 10.1016/j.heares.2004.03.005, PII S0378595504000991
  • Wallhausser-Franke, E., Mahlke, C., Oliva, R., Braun, S., Wenz, G., Langner, G., Expression of c-fos in auditory and non-auditory brain regions of the gerbil after manipulations that induce tinnitus (2003) Experimental Brain Research, 153 (4), pp. 649-654. , DOI 10.1007/s00221-003-1614-2
  • Mirz, F., Gjedde, A., Sodkilde-Jrgensen, H., Pedersen, C.B., Functional brain imaging of tinnitus-like perception induced by aversive auditory stimuli (2000) NeuroReport, 11 (3), pp. 633-637
  • De Ridder, D., Amygdalohippocampal involvement in tinnitus and auditory memory (2006) Acta Otolaryngol Suppl, 556, pp. 50-53
  • Landgrebe, M., Structural brain changes in tinnitus: Grey matter decrease in auditory and nonauditory brain areas (2009) Neuroimage, 46, pp. 213-218
  • Rauschecker, J.P., Leaver, A.M., Mühlau, M., Tuning out the noise: Limbic-auditory interactions in tinnitus (2010) Neuron, 66, pp. 819-826
  • Gear, R.W., Aley, K.O., Levine, J.D., Pain-induced analgesia mediated by mesolimbic reward circuits (1999) Journal of Neuroscience, 19 (16), pp. 7175-7181
  • Boutros, N.N., Mears, R., Pflieger, M.E., Moxon, K.A., Ludowig, E., Rosburg, T., Sensory gating in the human hippocampal and rhinal regions: Regional differences (2008) Hippocampus, 18 (3), pp. 310-316. , DOI 10.1002/hipo.20388
  • Diederen, K.M., Deactivation of the parahippocampal gyrus preceding auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia (2010) Am J Psychiatry, 167, pp. 427-435
  • Spedding, M., Jay, T., Costa E Silva, J., Perret, L., A pathophysiological paradigm for the therapy of psychiatric disease (2005) Nat Rev Drug Discov, 4, pp. 467-476
  • Bullmore, E., Sporns, O., Complex brain networks: Graph theoretical analysis of structural and functional systems (2009) Nat Rev Neurosci, 10, pp. 186-198

Citas:

---------- APA ----------
De Ridder, D., Elgoyhen, A.B., Romo, R. & Langguth, B. (2011) . Phantom percepts: Tinnitus and pain as persisting aversive memory networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108(20), 8075-8080.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1018466108
---------- CHICAGO ----------
De Ridder, D., Elgoyhen, A.B., Romo, R., Langguth, B. "Phantom percepts: Tinnitus and pain as persisting aversive memory networks" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108, no. 20 (2011) : 8075-8080.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1018466108
---------- MLA ----------
De Ridder, D., Elgoyhen, A.B., Romo, R., Langguth, B. "Phantom percepts: Tinnitus and pain as persisting aversive memory networks" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 108, no. 20, 2011, pp. 8075-8080.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1018466108
---------- VANCOUVER ----------
De Ridder, D., Elgoyhen, A.B., Romo, R., Langguth, B. Phantom percepts: Tinnitus and pain as persisting aversive memory networks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2011;108(20):8075-8080.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1018466108