Abstract:
Monthly and daily precipitation extremes over La Plata Basin (LPB) are analyzed in the framework of the CLARIS-LPB Project. A review of the studies developed during the project and results of additional research are presented and discussed. Specific aspects of analysis are focused on large-scale versus local processes impacts on the intensity and frequency of precipitation extremes over LPB, and on the assessment of specific wet and dry spell indices and their changed characteristics in future climate scenarios. The analysis is shown for both available observations of precipitation in the region and ad-hoc global and regional models experiments. The Pacific, Indian and Atlantic Oceans can all impact precipitation intensity and frequency over LPB. In particular, considering the Pacific sector, different types of ENSO events (i.e. canonical vs Modoki or East vs Central) have different influences. Moreover, model projections indicate an increase in the frequency of precipitation extremes over LPB during El Niño and La Ninã events in future climate. Local forcings can also be important for precipitation extremes. Here, the feedbacks between soil moisture and extreme precipitation in LPB are discussed based on hydric conditions in the region and model sensitivity experiments. Concerning droughts, it was found that they were more frequent in the western than in the eastern sector of LPB during the period of 1962-2008. On the other hand, observations and model experiments agree in that the monthly wet extremes were more frequent than the dry extremes in the northern and southern LPB sectors during the period 1979-2001, with higher frequency in the south. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.
Registro:
Documento: |
Artículo
|
Título: | Precipitation extremes over La Plata Basin - Review and new results from observations and climate simulations |
Autor: | Cavalcanti, I.F.A.; Carril, A.F.; Penalba, O.C.; Grimm, A.M.; Menéndez, C.G.; Sanchez, E.; Cherchi, A.; Sörensson, A.; Robledo, F.; Rivera, J.; Pántano, V.; Bettolli, L.M.; Zaninelli, P.; Zamboni, L.; Tedeschi, R.G.; Dominguez, M.; Ruscica, R.; Flach, R. |
Filiación: | Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (CPTEC/INPE), Brazil Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, FCEN, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain Centro de Investigaciones del Maryla Atmósfera (CIMA/CONICET-UBA), Argentina Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisicae Vulcanologia, Bologna, Italy Argonne National Laboratory, MCS Division, United States UMI-IFAECI/CNRS-CONICET-UBA, Argentina
|
Palabras clave: | La Plata Basin; Large-scale features; Model simulations; Precipitation extremes; Soil moisture; South America; Climate change; Climatology; Drought; Moisture; Precipitation (meteorology); Soil moisture; La Plata basin; Large-scale features; Model simulation; Precipitation extremes; South America; Climate models; climate change; climate modeling; El Nino; La Nina; precipitation intensity; project assessment; sensitivity analysis; soil moisture; spatiotemporal analysis; Atlantic Ocean; Indian Ocean; La Plata Basin; Pacific Ocean |
Año: | 2015
|
Volumen: | 523
|
Página de inicio: | 211
|
Página de fin: | 230
|
DOI: |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.01.028 |
Título revista: | Journal of Hydrology
|
Título revista abreviado: | J. Hydrol.
|
ISSN: | 00221694
|
CODEN: | JHYDA
|
Registro: | https://bibliotecadigital.exactas.uba.ar/collection/paper/document/paper_00221694_v523_n_p211_Cavalcanti |
Referencias:
- Adler, R.F., Huffman, G.J., Chang, A., Ferraro, R., Xie, P., Janowiak, J., Rudolf, B., Nelkin, E., The version 2 global precipitation climatology project (GPCP) monthly precipitation analysis (1979-present) (2003) J. Hydrometeor., 4, pp. 1147-1167
- Ashok, K., Behera, S.K., Rao, S.A., Weng, H., Yamagata, T., El Niño Modoki and its possible teleconnection (2007) J. Geophys. Res., 112, p. C11007
- Ashok, K., Yamagata, T., Climate change: El Nino with a difference (2009) Nature, 461, pp. 481-484
- Barros, V., Gonzalez, M., Liebmann, B., Camilloni, I.A., Influence of the South Atlantic convergence zone and South Atlantic sea surface temperature on interannual summer rainfall variability in southeastern South America (2000) Theor. Appl. Climatol., 67, pp. 123-133
- Barros, V.R., Doyle, M.E., Camilloni, I.A., Precipitation trends in southeastern South America: relationship with ENSO phases and with low-level circulation (2008) Theor. Appl. Climatol., 93, pp. 19-33
- Barros, V.R., Garavaglia, C.R., Doyle, M.E., Twenty-first century projections of extreme precipitations in the Plata Basin (2013) Int. J. River Basin Manage., 11, pp. 373-387
- Berbery, E.H., Collini, E.A., Springtime precipitation and water vapor flux over southeastern South America (2000) Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, pp. 1328-1346
- Berbery, E.H., Barros, V.R., The hydrologic cycle of the La Plata Basin in South America (2002) J. Hydrometeor., 3, pp. 630-645
- Berbery, E.H., Doyle, M., Barros, V.R., Tendencias regionales en la precipitacion (2006) El Cambio climático en la cuenca del Plata, pp. 67-79. , Barros, V., Clarke, R., Silva Dias., P. (Eds.), Buenos Aires, CIMA/CONICET
- Berri, G.J., Bertossa, G.I., The influence of the tropical and subtropical Atlantic and Pacific Oceans on precipitation variability over Southern Central South America on seasonal time scales (2004) Int. J. Climatol., 24, pp. 415-435
- Boulanger, J.P., Leloup, J., Penalba, O.C., Rusticucci, M.M., Lafon, F., Vargas, W.M., Observed precipitation in the Paraná-Plata hydrological basin: long-term trends, extreme conditions and ENSO teleconnections (2005) Clim. Dyn., 24, pp. 393-413
- Boulanger, J.P., Brasseur, G., Carril, A.F., Castro, M., Degallier, N., Ereño, C., Marengo, J.A., Terra, R., The European CLARIS project: a Europe-South America network for climate change assessment and impact studies (2010) Clim. Change, 98, pp. 307-329
- Camargo, A.P., Marin, F.R., Sentelhas, P.C., Giarola, P.A., Ajuste de equação de Thornthwaite para estimar la evapotranspiração em climas arido y superhumedo, com base na amplitude térmica diária (1999) Rev. Bras. Agrometeorologia, 7, pp. 251-257
- Camilloni, I.A., Barros, V.R., Extreme discharge events in the Paraná River and their climate forcing (2003) J. Hydrol., 278, pp. 94-106
- Carril, A.F., Menéndez, C.G., Remedio, A.R.C., Robledo, F., Sörensson, A., Tencer, B., Boulanger, J.P., Zaninelli, P., Performance of a multi-RCM ensemble for South Eastern South America (2012) Clim. Dyn., 39, pp. 2747-2768
- Carvalho, L.M.V., Jones, C., Liebmann, B., Extreme precipitation events in southeastern South America and large-scale convective patterns in the South Atlantic convergence zone (2002) J. Clim., 15, pp. 2377-2394
- Carvalho, L.M.V., Jones, C., Liebmann, B., The South Atlantic convergence zone: intensity, form, persistence, relationships with intraseasonal to interannual activity and extreme rainfall (2004) J. Clim., 17, pp. 88-108
- Cavalcanti, I.F.A., Kayano, M.T., High-frequency patterns of the atmospheric circulation over southern hemisphere and South America (1999) Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 69, pp. 179-193
- Cavalcanti, I.F.A., Marengo, J.A., Satyamurty, P., Nobre, C.A., Trosnikov, I., Bonatti, J.P., Manzi, A.O., Camargo, H., Global climatological features in a simulation using CPTEC/COLA AGCM (2002) J. Clim., 15, pp. 2965-2988
- Cavalcanti, I.F.A., Camilloni, I., Ambrizzi, T., Escenarios climaticos regionales (2006) El Cambio climático en la cuenca del Plata, pp. 175-190. , Barros, V., Clarke, R., Silva Dias, P. (Eds.). Buenos Aires, CIMA/CONICET
- Cavalcanti, I.F.A., Shimizu, M.H., Climate fields over South America and variability of SACZ and PSA in HadGEM-ES (2012) Am. J. Clim. Change, 1, pp. 132-144
- Cavalcanti, I.F.A., Large scale and synoptic features associated with extreme precipitation over South America: a review and case studies for the first decade of the 21st century (2012) Atmos. Res., 118, pp. 27-40
- Chamorro, L., Los principales usos y problemas de los recursos hídricos (2006) El Cambio climático en la cuenca del Plata, pp. 111-123. , Barros, V., Clarke, R., Silva Dias, P. (Eds.). Buenos Aires, CIMA/CONICET
- Chan, S., Behera, S., Yamagata, T., Indian Ocean dipole influence on South American rainfall (2008) Geophys. Res. Lett., p. 35. , L14S12
- Cherchi, A., Carril, A., Menendez, C., Zamboni, L., La Plata Basin precipitation variability in spring: role of remote SST forcing as simulated by GCM experiments (2014) Clim. Dyn., 42, pp. 219-236
- Chou, S.C., Marengo, J.A., Lyra, A., Sueiro, G., Pesquero, J., Alves, L.M., Kay, G., Tavares, P., Downscaling of South America present climate driven by 4-member HadCM3 runs (2012) Clim. Dyn., 38, pp. 635-653
- Cunningham, C.C., Cavalcanti, I.F.A., Intraseasonal modes of variability affecting the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (2006) Int. J. Climatol., 26, pp. 1165-1180
- da Rocha, R.P., Rodrigues, C.A.M., Cuadra, S.V., Ambrizzi, T., Precipitation diurnal cycle and summer climatology assessment over South America: an evaluation of regional climate model version 3 simulations (2009) J. Geophys. Res., 114, pp. 1-19
- Diaz, A.F., Studzinski, C.D., Mechoso, C.R., Relationships between precipitation anomalies in Uruguay and southern Brazil and sea surface temperature in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans (1998) J. Clim., 11, pp. 251-271
- Doyle, M.E., Barros, V.R., Midsummer low-level circulation and precipitation in subtropical South America and related sea surface temperature anomalies in the South Atlantic, 2002 (2002) J. Clim., 15, pp. 3394-3410
- Forte Lay, J.A., Spescha, L., Método para la estimación de la climatología del agua edáfica en las provincias pampeanas de la Argentina (2001) Rev. Argentina Agrometeorologia, 1, pp. 67-74
- Giorgi, F., Jones, C., Asrar, G.R., Addressing climate information needs at the regional level: the CORDEX framework. World Meteorological Organization (WMO) (2009) Bulletin, 58 (3), p. 175
- Gordon, C., Cooper, C., Senior, C.A., Banks, H.T., Gregory, J.M., Johns, T.C., Mitchell, J.F.B., Wood, R.A., The simulation of SST, sea ice extents and ocean heat transports in a version of the Hadley Centre coupled model without flux adjustments (2000) Clim. Dyn., 16, pp. 147-168
- Grimm, A.M., Ferraz, S.E.T., Gomes, J., Precipitation anomalies in southern Brazil associated with El Nino and La Nina events (1998) J. Climate, 11, pp. 2863-2880
- Grimm, A.M., Barros, V.R., Doyle, M.E., Climate variability in southern South America associated with El Nino and La Nina events (2000) J. Clim., 13, pp. 35-58
- Grimm, A.M., The El Niño impact on summer monsoon in Brazil: regional processes versus remote influences (2003) J. Clim., 16, pp. 263-280
- Grimm, A.M., How do La Niña events disturb the summer monsoon system in Brazil? (2004) Clim. Dyn., 22, pp. 123-138
- Grimm, A.M., Natori, E.A.A., Climate change and interannual variability of precipitation in South America (2006) Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, p. L19706
- Grimm, A.M., Tedeschi, R.G., ENSO and extreme rainfall events in South America (2009) J. Clim., 22, pp. 1589-1609
- Grimm, A.M., Interannual climate variability in South America: impacts on seasonal precipitation, extreme events and possible effects of climate change (2011) Stoch. Env. Res. Risk Assess., 25, pp. 537-554
- Hayes, M.J., Svoboda, M.D., Wilhite, D.A., Vanyarkho, O.V., Monitoring the 1996 drought using the standardized precipitation index (1999) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 80, pp. 429-438
- Heim, R.R., A review of twentieth-century drought indices used in the United States (2002) Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., 83, pp. 1149-1165
- Hourdin, F., Musat, I., Bony, S., Braconnot, P., Codron, F., Dufresne, J.L., Fairhead, L., Lott, F., The LMDZ4 general circulation model: climate performance and sensitivity to parametrized physics with emphasis on tropical convection (2006) Clim. Dyn., 27, pp. 787-813
- Jacob, D., Elizalde, A., Haensler, A., Hagemann, S., Kumar, P., Podzun, R., Rechid, D., Wilhelm, C., Assessing the transferability of the regional climate model REMO to Different COordinated Regional Climate Downscaling EXperiment (CORDEX) regions (2012) Atmosphere, 3, pp. 181-199
- Jones, C., Carvalho, L.M.V., Climate change in the South American monsoon system: present climate and CMIP5 projections (2013) J. Clim., 26, pp. 6660-6678
- Junquas, C., Vera, C., Li, L., Le Treut, H., Summer precipitation variability over southeastern South America in a global warming scenario (2012) Clim. Dyn., 38, pp. 1867-1883
- Kayano, M.T., Andreoli, R.V., Relations of South American summer rainfall interanual variations with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (2007) Int. J. Climatol., 27, pp. 531-540
- Kjellström, E., Boberg, F., Castro, M., Christensen, J.H., Nikulin, G., Sánchez, E., Daily and monthly temperature and precipitation statistics as performance indicators for regional climate models (2010) Clim. Res., 44, pp. 135-150
- Kodama, Y., Large scale common features of subtropical precipitation zones (the Baiu Frontal Zone, the SPCZ, and the SACZ). Part I: Characteristics of subtropical frontal zones (1992) J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn, 70, pp. 813-836
- Kousky, V.E., Kagano, M.T., Cavalcanti, I.F.A., A review of the Southern Oscillation: Oceanic-atmospheric circulation changes and related rainfall anomalies (1984) Tellus, 36 A, pp. 490-504
- Koster, R.D., Guo, Z., Dirmeyer, P.A., Bonan, G., Chan, E., Cox, P., Davies, H., Yamada, T., GLACE: the global land-atmosphere coupling experiment: Part I: Overview (2006) J. Hydrom., 7, pp. 590-610
- Kug, J.S., Jin, F.F., An, S.-I., Two types El Niño events: cold tongue El Niño and warm pool El Niño (2009) J. Clim., 22, pp. 1499-1515
- Liebmann, B., Kiladis, G.N., Marengo, J.A., Ambrizzi, T., Glick, J.D., Submonthly convective variability over South America and the South Atlantic convergence zone (1999) J. Clim., 12, pp. 1877-1891
- Liebmann, B., Jones, C., Carvalho, L.M.V., Interannual variability of extreme precipitation events in the state of São Paulo, Brazil (2001) J. Clim., 14, pp. 208-218
- Liebmann, B., Vera, C.S., Carvalho, L.M.V., Camilloni, I.A., Hoerling, M.P., Allured, D., Barros, V.R., Bidegain, M., An observed trend in central South American precipitation (2004) J. Clim., 17, pp. 4357-4367
- McKee, B., Doesken, N.J., Kleist, J., The Relationship of drought frequency and duration to time scales (1993) Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Applied Climatology, pp. 179-184. , California
- Marengo, J.A., Chou, S.C., Kay, G., Alves, L.M., Pesquero, J.F., Soares, W.R., Santos, D.C., Tavares, P., Development of regional future climate change scenarios in South America using the Eta CPTEC/HadCM3 climate change projections: climatology and regional analyses for the Amazon, São Francisco and the Parana River Basins (2011) Clim. Dyn., 38, pp. 1829-1848
- Marengo, J.A., Liebmann, B., Grimm, A.M., Misra, V., Silva Dias, P.L., Cavalcanti, I.F.A., Carvalho, L.M.V., Alves, L.M., Recent developments on the South American monsoon system (2012) Int. J. Climatol., 32, pp. 1-20
- Marsland, S.J., Haak, H., Jungclaus, J.J.H., Latif, M., Röske, F., The Max- Planck-Institute global ocean/sea ice model with orthogonal curvilinear coordinates (2003) Ocean Modell., 5, pp. 91-127
- Mendes, M.C.D., Trigo, R.M., Cavalcanti, I.F.A., DaCamara, C.C., Blocking Episodes in the Southern Hemisphere: Impact on the Climate of Adjacent Continental Areas, Pure Appl (2008) Geophys., 165, pp. 1941-1962
- Menéndez, C.G., Carril, A.F., Potential changes in extremes and links with the Southern Annular Mode as simulated by a multi-model ensemble (2010) Climatic Change, 98, pp. 359-377
- Menéndez, C.G., de Castro, M., Boulanger, J.P., D'Onofrio, A., Sanchez, E., Sörensson, A.A., Blazquez, J., Teichmann, C., Downscaling extreme month-long anomalies in southern South America (2010) Clim. Change, 98, pp. 379-403
- Menéndez, C.G., de Castro, M., Sörensson, A.A., Boulanger, J.P., Participating CLARIS Modeling Groups CLARIS Project: towards climate downscaling in South America (2010) Meteorol. Z., 19, pp. 357-362
- Nakicenovic, N., (2000) IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios, p. 599. , Cambridge University Press
- Nogués-Paegle, J., Mo, K.C., Alternating wet and dry conditions over South America during summer (1997) Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, pp. 279-291
- Nogués-Paegle, J., Byerle, L.A., Mo, K.C., Intraseasonal modulation of South American summer precipitation (2000) Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, pp. 837-850
- Pascale, J., Damario, E., El Balance Hidrológico Seriado y su utilización en estudios agroclimáticos (1977) Rev. Fac. Agron. La Plata (3a época), 53 (1-2), pp. 15-34
- Pántano, V., Spescha, L., Penalba, O., Murphy, G., Influencia de la variabilidad de la temperatura y la precipitacion en el agua del suelo, en la región oriental de secano de Argentina. Meteorologica (2014); Penalba, O.C., Vargas, W.M., Interdecadal and interannual variations of annual and extreme precipitation over central-northeastern Argentina (2004) Int. J. Climatol., 24, pp. 1565-1580
- Penalba, O., Rivera, J.A., Future Changes in Drought Characteristics over Southern South America Projected by a CMIP5 Multi-Model Ensemble (2013) American Journal of Climate Change, 2, pp. 173-182
- Penalba, O.C., Rivera, J.A., Pantano, V.C., The CLARIS LPB database: constructing a long-term daily hydro-meteorological dataset for La Plata Basin, Southern South America (2014) Geoscience Data Journal, 1, pp. 20-29
- Pisciottano, G., Díaz, A., Cazess, G., Mechoso, C.R., El Niño Southern Oscillation Impact on Rainfall in Uruguay (1994) J. Clim., 7, pp. 1286-1302
- Rayner, N.A., Parker, D.E., Horton, E.B., Folland, C.K., Alexander, L.V., Rowell, D.P., Kent, E.C., Kaplan, A., Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century (2003) J. Geophys. Res., 108 (D14), p. 4407
- Re, M., Barros, V.R., Extreme rainfalls in SE South America (2009) Climatic Change, 96, pp. 119-136
- Rivera, J.A., Penalba, O.C., Comparison of the performance of five indices for drought characterization in La Plata Basin. Perspectives towards a multi-scale monitoring system (2011) WCRP Open Science Conference, , Denver, USA, 23-27 October 2011
- Robertson, A.W., Mechoso, C.R., Interannual and decadal cycles in river flows of southeastern South America (1998) J. Clim., 11, pp. 2570-2581
- Robertson, A.W., Mechoso, C.R., Interannual and interdecadal variability of the South Atlantic convergence zone (2000) Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, pp. 2947-2957
- Robledo, F., Penalba, O., Bettolli, M.L., Teleconnections between tropical-extratropical oceans and the daily intensity of extreme rainfall over Argentina (2013) Int. J. Climatol., 33, pp. 735-745
- Rodrigues, D.A., Cavalcanti, I.F.A., Simulations of the Hydrologic Cycle over Southern South America using the CPTEC/COLA AGCM (2006) Journal of Hydrome., 7, pp. 916-936
- Roeckner, E., Arpe, K., Bengtsson, L., Christoph, M., Claussen, M., Dumenil, L., Esch, M., Schulzweida, U., The atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM4: model description and simulation of present-day climate: Max-Planck Institut für Meteorologie (1996), p. 86. , Hamburg; Roeckner, E., Coauthors, A., The atmospheric general cir-culation model ECHAM5, Part I: Model description (2003) Max-Planck-Institut Meteorol. Rep., 349, p. 127
- Ruscica, R.C., Sörensson, A.A., Menéndez, C.G., Hydrological links in Southeastern South America: soil moisture memory and coupling within a hot spot (2014) Int. J. Climatol.
- Saji, N.H., Yamagata, T., Possible impacts of Indian Ocean dipole mode events on global climate (2003) Clim. Res., 25 (2), pp. 151-169
- Saji, N.H., Ambrizzi, T., Ferraz, S.E.T., Indian Ocean dipole mode events and austral surface temperature anomalies (2005) Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 39, pp. 87-102
- Salio, P., Nicolini, M., Zipser, E.J., Mesoscale convective systems over Southeastern South America and their relationship with the South American low level jet (2007) Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, pp. 1290-1309
- Samuelsson, P., Jones, C., Willén, U., Ullerstig, A., Gollvik, S., Hansson, U., Jansson, C., Wyser, K., The Rossby Centre Regional Climate Model RCA3: model description and performance (2011) Tellus, 63 A, pp. 4-23
- Sánchez, E., Gallardo, C., Gaertner, M.A., Arribas, A., Castro, M., Future climate extreme events in the Mediterranean simulated by a regional climate model: a first approach (2004) Global Planet. Change, 44, pp. 163-180
- Sánchez, E., Domínguez, M., Romera, R., de la Franca, N.L., Gaertner, M.A., Gallardo, C., Castro, M., Regional modeling of dry spells over the Iberian Peninsula for present climate and climate change conditions (2011) Climatic Change, 107, pp. 625-634
- Shahid, S., Behrawan, H., Drought risk assessment in the western part of Bangladesh (2008) Nat. Hazards, 46, pp. 391-413
- Silvestre, G.E., Vera, C.S., Antarctic oscillation signal on precipitation anomalies over southeastern South America (2003) Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, pp. 2115-2118
- Silva, V.B.S., Berbery, E.H., Intense rainfall events affecting the La Plata basin (2006) J. Hydrometeor, 7, pp. 769-787
- Smith, T.M., Reynolds, R.W., Peterson, T.C., Lawrimore, J., Improvements to NOAA's historical merged land-ocean surface temperature analysis (1880-2006) (2008) J. Clim., 21, pp. 2283-2296
- Solman, S., Pessacg, N., Regional climate simulations over South America: sensitivity to model physics and to the treatment of lateral boundary conditions using the MM5 model (2012) Clim. Dyn., 38, pp. 281-300
- Solman, S., Sanchez, E., Samuelsson, P., da Rocha, R.P., Li, L., Marengo, J.A., Pessacg, N.L., Chou, S.C., Evaluation of an ensemble of regional climate model simulations over South America driven by the ERA-Interim reanalysis: model perfor-mance and uncertainties (2013) Clim. Dyn., 41, pp. 1139-1157
- Sörensson, A.A., Menéndez, C.G., Summer soil-precipitation coupling in South America (2011) Tellus Ser. A: Dyn. Meteorol. Oceanogr., 63, pp. 56-68
- Taschetto, A.S., Ambrizzi, T., Can Indian Ocean SST anomalies influence South American rainfall? (2012) Clim. Dynam., 38, pp. 1615-1628
- Tedeschi, R.G., Cavalcanti, I.F.A., Grimm, A.M., Influences of two types of ENSO on South American precipitation (2013) Int. J. Climatol., 33, pp. 1382-1400
- Tedeschi, R.G., Grimm, A.M., Cavalcanti, I.F.A., Influence of Central and East ENSO on extreme events of precipitation in South America during austral spring and summer (2014) Int. J. Climatol.
- Thornthwaite, C.W., Mather, J.R., Instructions and tables for computing potential evapotranspiration and water balance. Drexel Institute of Technology (1957) Publications in Climatology, 10, pp. 185-311
- Thom, H.C.S., A note on the Gamma distribution (1958) Mon. Wea. Rev., 86, pp. 117-122
- Trenberth, K.E., Changes in precipitation with climate change (2011) Clim. Res., 47, pp. 123-138
- Uppala, S.M., The ERA-40 re-analysis (2005) Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 131, pp. 2961-3012
- Vasconcellos, F.C., Cavalcanti, I.F.A., Extreme precipitation over Southeastern Brazil in the austral summer and relations with the Southern Hemisphere annular mode (2010) Atmos. Sci. Lett., 11, pp. 21-26
- Velasco, I.Y., Fritsch, J.M., Mesoscale convective complexes in the Americas (1987) J. Geophys. Res., 92, pp. 9591-9613
- Vera, C.S., Vigliarolo, P.K., Berbery, E.H., Cold season synoptic-scale waves over subtropical South America (2002) Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, pp. 684-699
- Vera, C.S., Higgins, W., Amador, J., Ambrizzi, T., Garreaud, R., Gochis, D., Gutzler, D., Zhang, C., Toward a unified view of the American Monsoon systems (2006) J. Clim., 19, pp. 4977-5000
- Wang, C., ENSO and atmospheric circulation cells (2002) CLIVAR Exchanges, 7, pp. 9-11
- Yeh, S.W., Kug, J.S., Dewit, B., Kwon, M.H., Kirtman, B., Jin, F.F., El Niño in a changing climate (2009) Nature, 461, pp. 511-515
- Zamboni, L., Kucharski, F., Mechoso, C.R., Seasonal variations of the links between the interannual variability of South America and the South Pacific (2012) Clim. Dynam., 38, pp. 2115-2129
- Zamboni, L., Mechoso, C.R., Kucharski, F., Relationships between upper-level circulation over South America and Rainfall over Southeastern South America (2010) J. Clim., 23, pp. 3300-3315
Citas:
---------- APA ----------
Cavalcanti, I.F.A., Carril, A.F., Penalba, O.C., Grimm, A.M., Menéndez, C.G., Sanchez, E., Cherchi, A.,..., Flach, R.
(2015)
. Precipitation extremes over La Plata Basin - Review and new results from observations and climate simulations. Journal of Hydrology, 523, 211-230.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.01.028---------- CHICAGO ----------
Cavalcanti, I.F.A., Carril, A.F., Penalba, O.C., Grimm, A.M., Menéndez, C.G., Sanchez, E., et al.
"Precipitation extremes over La Plata Basin - Review and new results from observations and climate simulations"
. Journal of Hydrology 523
(2015) : 211-230.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.01.028---------- MLA ----------
Cavalcanti, I.F.A., Carril, A.F., Penalba, O.C., Grimm, A.M., Menéndez, C.G., Sanchez, E., et al.
"Precipitation extremes over La Plata Basin - Review and new results from observations and climate simulations"
. Journal of Hydrology, vol. 523, 2015, pp. 211-230.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.01.028---------- VANCOUVER ----------
Cavalcanti, I.F.A., Carril, A.F., Penalba, O.C., Grimm, A.M., Menéndez, C.G., Sanchez, E., et al. Precipitation extremes over La Plata Basin - Review and new results from observations and climate simulations. J. Hydrol. 2015;523:211-230.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.01.028