State of the climate in 2013

Multitudinario:424

doi:10.1175/2014BAMSStateoftheClimate.1

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Multitudinario:424 "State of the climate in 2013" (2014) Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 95(7):S1-S279

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Abstract:

In 2013, the vast majority of the monitored climate variables reported here maintained trends established in recent decades. ENSO was in a neutral state during the entire year, remaining mostly on the cool side of neutral with modest impacts on regional weather patterns around the world. This follows several years dominated by the effects of either La Niña or El Niño events. According to several independent analyses, 2013 was again among the 10 warmest years on record at the global scale, both at the Earth’s surface and through the troposphere. Some regions in the Southern Hemisphere had record or near-record high temperatures for the year. Australia observed its hottest year on record, while Argentina and New Zealand reported their second and third hottest years, respectively. In Antarctica, Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station reported its highest annual temperature since records began in 1957. At the opposite pole, the Arctic observed its seventh warmest year since records began in the early 20th century. At 20-m depth, record high temperatures were measured at some permafrost stations on the North Slope of Alaska and in the Brooks Range. In the Northern Hemisphere extratropics, anomalous meridional atmospheric circulation occurred throughout much of the year, leading to marked regional extremes of both temperature and precipitation. Cold temperature anomalies during winter across Eurasia were followed by warm spring temperature anomalies, which were linked to a new record low Eurasian snow cover extent in May. Minimum sea ice extent in the Arctic was the sixth lowest since satellite observations began in 1979. Including 2013, all seven lowest extents on record have occurred in the past seven years. Antarctica, on the other hand, had above-average sea ice extent throughout 2013, with 116 days of new daily high extent records, including a new daily maximum sea ice area of 19.57 million km 2 reached on 1 October. ENSO-neutral conditions in the eastern central Pacific Ocean and a negative Pacific decadal oscillation pattern in the North Pacific had the largest impacts on the global sea surface temperature in 2013. The North Pacific reached a historic high temperature in 2013 and on balance the globally-averaged sea surface temperature was among the 10 highest on record. Overall, the salt content in nearsurface ocean waters increased while in intermediate waters it decreased. Global mean sea level continued to rise during 2013, on pace with a trend of 3.2 mm yr -1 over the past two decades. A portion of this trend (0.5 mm yr -1 ) has been attributed to natural variability associated with the Pacific decadal oscillation as well as to ongoing contributions from the melting of glaciers and ice sheets and ocean warming. Global tropical cyclone frequency during 2013 was slightly above average with a total of 94 storms, although the North Atlantic Basin had its quietest hurricane season since 1994. In the Western North Pacific Basin, Super Typhoon Haiyan, the deadliest tropical cyclone of 2013, had 1-minute sustained winds estimated to be 170 kt (87.5 m s -1 ) on 7 November, the highest wind speed ever assigned to a tropical cyclone. High storm surge was also associated with Haiyan as it made landfall over the central Philippines, an area where sea level is currently at historic highs, increasing by 200 mm since 1970. In the atmosphere, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide all continued to increase in 2013. As in previous years, each of these major greenhouse gases once again reached historic high concentrations. In the Arctic, carbon dioxide and methane increased at the same rate as the global increase. These increases are likely due to export from lower latitudes rather than a consequence of increases in Arctic sources, such as thawing permafrost. At Mauna Loa, Hawaii, for the first time since measurements began in 1958, the daily average mixing ratio of carbon dioxide exceeded 400 ppm on 9 May. The state of these variables, along with dozens of others, and the 2013 climate conditions of regions around the world are discussed in further detail in this 24th edition of the State of the Climate series. © 2014, American Meteorological Society. All rights reserved.

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Documento:	Artículo
Título:	State of the climate in 2013
Autor:	Multitudinario:424
Filiación:	ERT, Inc., NOAA, NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, United States NOAA, NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, United States Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom Department of Earth Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States NOAA, OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States Cooperative Institute for Climate and Satellites, NC State University, Asheville, NC, United States Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia NOAA, NWS National Center for Environmental Prediction, College Park, MD, United States University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, United States Deptartment of Geography, University of Zurich, Switzerland Geology Department, University Centre in Svalbard, UNIS, Norway Center for Permafrost, CENPERM, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Denmark Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Insubria University, Varese, Italy Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States Department of Geography, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Lanzhou, China Department of Geography, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States Nichols College, Dudley, MA, United States Remote Sensing Systems, Santa Rosa, CA, United States UCAR COSMIC, Boulder, CO, United States State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States Global Precipitation Climatology Centre, Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach, Germany CIMSS, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States NOAA, NESDIS University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States AOS, CIMSS, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach, Germany Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Hydrological Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, United States Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia College of Hydrometeorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China Department of Earth Sciences, Gothenburg University, Sweden Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement (LSCE), CEA-CNR-UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France NCAS Climate, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forcasts, Reading, United Kingdom CSIRO Land and Water, Canberra, Australia 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Space Research, São Jose dos Compos, SP, Brazil Byrd Polar Research Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States Department of Geography, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States Australian Antarctic Division, Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE CRC), University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia Australian Bureau of Meteorology, CAWRC, Hobart, TAS, Australia Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE CRC), University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia Laboratory for Atmospheres, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States Science Systems and Applications, Inc., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, United States WMO Atmospheric Environment Research Division, Geneva, Switzerland Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand National Meteorological Service of Mexico, Mexico Center for Geophysical Research, School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica Center for Geophysical Research, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology, Bridgetown, Barbados Cayman Islands National Weather Service, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands Climate Center, Institute of Meteorology of Cuba, Cuba Meteorological Service, Jamaica, Kingston, Jamaica Department of Meteorology, Nassau, Bahamas Barbados Meteorological Services, Christ Church, Bahamas Trinidad and Tobago Meteorological Service, Piarco, Trinidad and Tobago Dominica Meteorological Service, Dominica Centro Internacional para la Investigación del Fenómeno El Niño (CIIFEN), Guayaquil, Ecuador Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología de Venezuela (INAMEH), Caracas, Venezuela Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología de Bolivia (SENAMHI), La Paz, Bolivia Instituto de Hidrología de Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales de Colombia (IDEAM), Bogotá, Colombia Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología de Perú (SENAMHI), Lima, Peru Centro de Ciencias do Sistema Terrestre (CCST), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Cachoeira Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil Instituto Geofisico del Peru, Lima, Peru University of Paris, Paris, France Instituto Uruguayo de Meteorologia, Montevideo, Uruguay Servicio Meteorologico Nacional, Argentina Departamento Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina Rabat, Morocco Egyptian Meteorological Authority, Cairo, Egypt Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Abuja, Nigeria Division of Meteorology, Department of Water Resources, Banjul, Gambia National Meteorological Service/SODEXAM, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire Department of Meteorology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya Tanzania Meteorological Agency, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Department of Meteorology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya IGAD Climate Prediction and Applications Cetnre (ICPAC), Nairobi, Kenya Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD), Nairobi, Kenya South African Weather Service, Pretoria, South Africa Antananarivo, Madagascar Météo France, Réunion, France Laboratory for Climatology and Remote Sensing, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany Deutscher Wetterdienst, WMO RA VI Regional Climate Centre Network, Offenbach, Germany Climate Monitoring Satellite Application Facility, Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach, Germany Instituto Dom Luiz, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Geociencias, Madrid, Spain Turkish State Meteorological Service, Kalaba, Ankara, Turkey Armenian State Hydrometeorological and Monitoring Service, Yerevan, Armenia Russian Institute for Hydrometeorological Information, Obninsk, Russian Federation Islamic Republic of Iranian Meteorological Organization (IRIMO), Iran All-Russian Research Institute of Hydrometeorological Information, World Data Center, Obninsk, Russian Federation Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, National Agency for Meteorology, Hydrology and Environmental Monitoring, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Korea Meteorological Administration, South Korea Atmospheric Science and Meteorological Research Center, Tehran, Iran National Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Gadanki, India All-Russian Research Institute of Hydrometeorological Information, Obninsk, Russian Federation Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India India Meteorological Department, Pune, India Beijing Climate Center, Beijing, China
Palabras clave:	Carbon dioxide; Climatology; Geothermal springs; Greenhouse gases; Hurricanes; Methane; Nitrogen oxides; Permafrost; Poles; Sea ice; Sea level; Snow; Storms; Submarine geophysics; Surface properties; Surface waters; Tropics; Wind; Atmospheric circulation; Global mean sea levels; Independent analysis; North Slope of Alaska; Pacific decadal oscillation; Satellite observations; Sea surface temperature (SST); Western North Pacific; Atmospheric temperature
Año:	2014
Volumen:	95
Número:	7
Página de inicio:	S1
Página de fin:	S279
DOI:	http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2014BAMSStateoftheClimate.1
Título revista:	Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
Título revista abreviado:	Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.
ISSN:	00030007
CODEN:	BAMIA
Registro:	https://bibliotecadigital.exactas.uba.ar/collection/paper/document/paper_00030007_v95_n7_pS1_Multitudinario

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(2014) . State of the climate in 2013. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 95(7), S1-S279.
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Multitudinario:424. "State of the climate in 2013" . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 95, no. 7 (2014) : S1-S279.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2014BAMSStateoftheClimate.1

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Multitudinario:424. "State of the climate in 2013" . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol. 95, no. 7, 2014, pp. S1-S279.
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Multitudinario:424. State of the climate in 2013. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 2014;95(7):S1-S279.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2014BAMSStateoftheClimate.1