State of the climate in 2012

Multitudinario:392

doi:10.1175/2013BAMSStateoftheClimate.1

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Multitudinario:392 "State of the climate in 2012" (2013) Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 94(8):S1-S238

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Abstract:

For the first time in several years, the El Nino-Southern Oscillation did not dominate regional climate conditions around the globe. A weak La Niña dissipated to ENSO-neutral conditions by spring, and while El Nino appeared to be emerging during summer, this phase never fully developed as sea surface temperatures in the eastern equatorial Pacific uncharacteristically returned to neutral conditions. Nevertheless, other large-scale climate patterns and extreme weather events impacted various regions during the year. A negative phase of the Arctic Oscillation from mid-January to early February contributed to frigid conditions in parts of northern Africa, eastern Europe, and western Asia. A lack of rain during the 2012 wet season led to the worst drought in at least the past three decades for northeastern Brazil. Central North America also experienced one of its most severe droughts on record. The Caribbean observed a very wet dry season and it was the Sahel's wettest rainy season in 50 years. Overall, the 2012 average temperature across global land and ocean surfaces ranked among the 10 warmest years on record. The global land surface temperature alone was also among the 10 warmest on record. In the upper atmosphere, the average stratospheric temperature was record or near-record cold, depending on the dataset. After a 30-year warming trend from 1970 to 1999 for global sea surface temperatures, the period 2000-12 had little further trend. This may be linked to the prevalence of La Niña-like conditions during the 21st century. Heat content in the upper 700 m of the ocean remained near record high levels in 2012. Net increases from 2011 to 2012 were observed at 700-m to 2000-m depth and even in the abyssal ocean below. Following sharp decreases in global sea level in the first half of 2011 that were linked to the effects of La Niña, sea levels rebounded to reach records highs in 2012. The increased hydrological cycle seen in recent years continued, with more evaporation in drier locations and more precipitation in rainy areas. In a pattern that has held since 2004, salty areas of the ocean surfaces and subsurfaces were anomalously salty on average, while fresher areas were anomalously fresh. Global tropical cyclone activity during 2012 was near average, with a total of 84 storms compared with the 1981-2010 average of 89. Similar to 2010 and 2011, the North Atlantic was the only hurricane basin that experienced above-normal activity. In this basin, Sandy brought devastation to Cuba and parts of the eastern North American seaboard. All other basins experienced either near- or below-normal tropical cyclone activity. Only three tropical cyclones reached Category 5 intensity-all in the Western North Pacific basin. Of these, Super Typhoon Bopha became the only storm in the historical record to produce winds greater than 130 kt south of 7°N. It was also the costliest storm to affect the Philippines and killed more than 1000 residents. Minimum Arctic sea ice extent in September and Northern Hemisphere snow cover extent in June both reached new record lows. June snow cover extent is now declining at a faster rate (-17.6% per decade) than September sea ice extent (-13.0% per decade). Permafrost temperatures reached record high values in northernmost Alaska. A new melt extent record occurred on 11-12 July on the Greenland ice sheet; 97% of the ice sheet showed some form of melt, four times greater than the average melt for this time of year. The climate in Antarctica was relatively stable overall. The largest maximum sea ice extent since records begain in 1978 was observed in September 2012. In the stratosphere, warm air led to the second smallest ozone hole in the past two decades. Even so, the springtime ozone layer above Antarctica likely will not return to its early 1980s state until about 2060. Following a slight decline associated with the global financial crisis, global CO 2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production reached a record 9.5 ± 0.5 Pg C in 2011 and a new record of 9.7 ± 0.5 Pg C is estimated for 2012. Atmospheric CO 2 concentrations increased by 2.1 ppm in 2012, to 392.6 ppm. In spring 2012, for the first time, the atmospheric CO 2 concentration exceeded 400 ppm at 7 of the 13 Arctic observation sites. Globally, other greenhouse gases including methane and nitrous oxide also continued to rise in concentration and the combined effect now represents a 32% increase in radiative forcing over a 1990 baseline. Concentrations of most ozone depleting substances continued to fall.

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Documento:	Artículo
Título:	State of the climate in 2012
Autor:	Multitudinario:392
Filiación:	Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States National Meteorological Service of Mexico, Mexico Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, City College of New York, New York, NY, United States Center for Geophysical Research, School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom Centro de Ciencias Do Sistema Terrestre (CCST), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Cachoeira Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD), Nairobi, Kenya Direction de la Meteorologie Nationale de Madagascar, Tananarive, Madagascar NOAA/NESDIS National Oceanographic Data Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, United States Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, INPE, Cachoeira Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología de Venezuela (INAMEH), Caracas, Venezuela NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, United States Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation IGAD Climate Prediction and Applications Centre (ICPAC), Nairobi, Kenya NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, FL, United States Argentine Naval Hydrographic Service, Buenos Aires, Argentina Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Spain Bureau of Meteorology, Australia Global Precipitation Climatology Centre, Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD), Offenbach, Germany Oregon State University, OR, United States NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Center, College Park, MD, United States European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom Biospherical Instruments, San Diego, CA, United States National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom Dirección Nacional de Meteorología, División de Climatología, Uruguay Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, Hobart, Australia CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Laboratories, Hobart, Australia Deutscher Wetterdienst, Germany NOAA/NWS National Hurricane Center, Miami, FL, United States Mauritius Meteorological Services, NASA/GSFC, Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, Greenbelt, MD, United States Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark Byrd Polar Research Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States WMO Atmospheric Environment Research Division, Geneva, Switzerland Environment Canada, Climate Research Division, Montreal, QC, Canada Climate Research Division, Environment Canada, Downsview, ON, Canada NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States Russian Institute for Hydrometeorological Information, Obninsk, Russian Federation Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, United States Department of Physics, University of the West Indies, Jamaica Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China Danish Meteorological Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología de Bolivia (SENAMHI), La Paz, Bolivia College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, United States Tanzania Meteorological Agency, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand University of Bremen FB1, Bremen, Germany NASA/GSFC, Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, Greenbelt, MD, United States Geology Department, University Centre in Svalbard, UNIS, Norway Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, United States Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), CEA-CNR-UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France CPTEC/INPE, Center for Weather Forecasts and Climate Studies, Cachoeira Paulista, Brazil Department of Geography, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, United Kingdom School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States Scottish Marine Institute Oban, Argyll, United Kingdom Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Abuja, Nigeria Turkish State Meteorological Service, Ankara, Turkey Environment Canada, Climate Research Division, Toronto, ON, Canada NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States Earth and Space Research, Seattle, WA, United States Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, FL, United States Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria Earth Cryosphere Institute, Tumen, Russian Federation Interdisciplinary Centre on Climate Change, Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States Institute for Meteorology und Climate Research (IMK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany Instituto de Hidrología de Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales de Colombia (IDEAM), Bogotá, Colombia Department for Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (ADNET), NASA, Greenbelt, MD, United States Oceanography Department, University of Cape Town, Rondebosh, South Africa NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, WA, United States CUNY Environmental CrossRoads Initiative, City College of New York at CUNY, New York, NY, United States Environment Canada, Measurements and Analysis Research Section, Toronto, ON, Canada Environment Canada, Canadian Hurricane Centre, Dartmouth, NS, Canada Department of Geography, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Australia Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway Department of Meteorology, University of Nairobi, Kenya European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Italy Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany NOAA/NWS Weather Forecast Office, Guam Science Systems Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, United States Climate Prediction Division, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, United States Remote Sensing Systems, Santa Rosa, CA, United States UCAR COSMIC, Boulder, CO, United States Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States Sea Level Research, Liverpool, United Kingdom Climate Research Division, Armstatehydromet, Armenia Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología de Perú (SENAMHI), Lima, Peru Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden Office of Naval Research, Arlington, VA, United States Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, FL, United States Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Østerås, Norway Météo France, Reunion Direction de la Météorologie Nationale du Maroc, Rabat, Morocco King's College London, London, United Kingdom Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany African Centre of Meteorological Applications for Development, Niamey, Niger Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR), Kiel, Germany Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States NOAA/NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications and Research, Madison, WI, United States Islamic Republic of Iranian Meteorological Organization (IRIMO), Iran Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea NOAA/NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications and Research, Fort Collins, CO, United States All-Russian Research Institute of Hydrometeorological Information, World Data Center, Obninsk, Russian Federation NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, United States Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States South African Weather Service, Pretoria, South Africa Finnish Meteorological Institute, Arctic Research Centre, Sodankylä, Finland University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States NOAA/NESDIS Laboratory for Satellite Altimetry, Silver Spring, MD, United States Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Center (ACE CRC), University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Department of Geography, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States National Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China NOAA/NWS National Center for Environmental Prediction, College Park, MD, United States Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, Melbourne, Australia Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States AOS/CIMSS University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States KNMI (Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute), De Bilt, Netherlands Northwest Research Associates, Socorro, NM, United States New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM, United States Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Honolulu, HI, United States Centro Internacional Para la Investigación Del Fenómeno El Niño (CIIFEN), Guayaquil, Ecuador Australian Antarctic Division, Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Center (ACE CRC), University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia CSIRO Land and Water, Canberra, Australia National Snow and Ice Data Center, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States Environmental Hydraulic Institute, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain Joint Institute Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom Department of Geography, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States Lacunosa Weather Services, Karlsruhe, Germany Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States Laboratory for Atmospheres, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States Climate Monitoring Satellite Application Facility, Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD), Offenbach, Germany Department of Geography, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland MIREKO, Syktyvkar, Russian Federation Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD), Offenbach, Germany WMO RA VI Regional Climate Centre on Climate Monitoring, Offenbach, Germany Department of Meteorology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya Egyptian Meteorological Authority, Cairo, Egypt Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, National Agency for Meteorology, Hydrology and Environmental Monitoring, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA), South Korea Nichols College, Dudley, MA, United States Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Los Océanos, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina USACE, ERDC, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH, United States Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia Environment Canada, Toronto, Canada European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Italy School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States Centre for Terrestrial Climate Dynamics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom Dirección Meteorológica de Chile, Chile Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany Atmospheric Science and Meteorological Research Center (ASMERC), Tehran, Iran Direction de la Météorologie Nationale de Madagascar, Tananarive, Madagascar National Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Gadanki, India Instituto Dom Luiz, Universidade de Lisboa Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal All-Russian Research Institute of Hydrometeorological Information, Obninsk, Russian Federation Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, TAS, Australia Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States Hydrological Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States University of Paris, Paris, France Instituto Nacional de Meteorología, INMET, Brasilia, DF, Brazil NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, United States GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany National Snow and Ice Data Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States Cooperative Institute for Climate and Satellites, NC State University, Asheville, NC, United States International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States Turkish State Meteorological Service, Kalaba, Ankara, Turkey National Institute for Space Research, Sao Jose dos Compos-SP, Brazil Department of Geography, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States NOAA/NWS Office of Climate, Water, and Weather Services, Silver Spring, MD, United States Division of Meteorology, Department of Water Resources, Banjul, Gambia National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, BAS, Sofia, Bulgaria School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia Servicio Meteorológico Nacional, Buenos Aires, Argentina NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Physical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, United States Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Climate Diagnostics Center, Boulder, CO, United States NOAA/NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications and Research, College Park, MD, United States Cooperative Institute for Climate and Satellites, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States India Meteorological Department, Pune, India Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland DWD (German Weather Service), Hohenpeissenberg, Germany Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway NOAA/NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services, Honolulu, HI, United States NOAA/NWS Central Pacific Hurricane Center, Honolulu, HI, United States NOAA/NWS Weather Forecast OFfice, Fairbanks, AK, United States Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Australia Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology, Bridgetown, Barbados Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands Department of Geography, University of Lisbon, Portugal Department of Physics, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States Earth Observing Laboratory, NCAR, Boulder, CO, United States Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY, United States Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States Department of Geography and Anthropology, LA State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, BC, Canada Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, AK, United States Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom Tokyo Climate Center, Climate Prediction Division, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan Beijing Climate Center, Beijing, China Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Lanzhou, China
Palabras clave:	Eastern equatorial Pacific; El Nino southern oscillation; Fossil fuel combustion; Global financial crisis; Ozone depleting substances; Sea surface temperature (SST); Stratospheric temperature; Tropical cyclone activity; Atmospheric radiation; Atmospheric temperature; Atmospherics; Carbon dioxide; Drought; Fuels; Glaciers; Greenhouse gases; Hurricanes; Methane; Nitrogen oxides; Ozone; Ozone layer; Sea ice; Sea level; Snow; Storms; Upper atmosphere; Climatology
Año:	2013
Volumen:	94
Número:	8
Página de inicio:	S1
Página de fin:	S238
DOI:	http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2013BAMSStateoftheClimate.1
Título revista:	Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
Título revista abreviado:	Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.
ISSN:	00030007
CODEN:	BAMIA
Registro:	https://bibliotecadigital.exactas.uba.ar/collection/paper/document/paper_00030007_v94_n8_pS1_Multitudinario

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