Artículo

Alvarado-Otegui, J.A.; Ceballos, L.A.; Orozco, M.M.; Enriquez, G.F.; Cardinal, M.V.; Cura, C.; Schijman, A.G.; Kitron, U.; Gürtler, R.E. "The sylvatic transmission cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi in a rural area in the humid Chaco of Argentina" (2012) Acta Tropica. 124(1):79-86
El editor solo permite decargar el artículo en su versión post-print desde el repositorio. Por favor, si usted posee dicha versión, enviela a
Consulte el artículo en la página del editor
Consulte la política de Acceso Abierto del editor

Abstract:

Little is known about the sylvatic transmission cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi in the Gran Chaco ecoregion. We conducted surveys to identify the main sylvatic hosts of T. cruzi, parasite discrete typing units and vector species involved in Pampa del Indio, a rural area in the humid Argentinean Chaco. A total of 44 mammals from 14 species were captured and examined for infection by xenodiagnosis and polymerase chain reaction amplification of the hyper-variable region of kinetoplast DNA minicircles of T. cruzi (kDNA-PCR). Ten (22.7%) mammals were positive by xenodiagnosis or kDNA-PCR. Four of 11 (36%) Didelphis albiventris (white-eared opossums) and six of nine (67%) Dasypus novemcinctus (nine-banded armadillos) were positive by xenodiagnosis and or kDNA-PCR. Rodents, other armadillo species, felids, crab-eating raccoons, hares and rabbits were not infected. Positive animals were highly infectious to the bugs that fed upon them as determined by xenodiagnosis. All positive opossums were infected with T. cruzi I and all positive nine-banded armadillos with T. cruzi III. Extensive searches in sylvatic habitats using 718 Noireau trap-nights only yielded Triatoma sordida whereas no bug was collected in 26 light-trap nights. Four armadillos or opossums fitted with a spool-and-line device were successfully tracked to their refuges; only one Panstrongylus geniculatus was found in an armadillo burrow. No sylvatic triatomine was infected with T. cruzi by microscopical examination or kDNA-PCR. Our results indicate that two independent sylvatic transmission cycles of T. cruzi occur in the humid Chaco. The putative vectors of both cycles need to be identified conclusively. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.

Registro:

Documento: Artículo
Título:The sylvatic transmission cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi in a rural area in the humid Chaco of Argentina
Autor:Alvarado-Otegui, J.A.; Ceballos, L.A.; Orozco, M.M.; Enriquez, G.F.; Cardinal, M.V.; Cura, C.; Schijman, A.G.; Kitron, U.; Gürtler, R.E.
Filiación:Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Grupo de Biología Molecular de la Enfermedad de Chagas, Inst. de Invest. en Ingenieria Genetica y Biologia Molecular Dr Hector Torres (INGEBI-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
Department of Environmental Studies, Emory University, Atlanta, United States
Palabras clave:Dasypus novemcinctus; Didelphis albiventris; Discrete typing unit; Molecular epidemiology; Reservoir; Trypanosoma cruzi; Vector; disease prevalence; disease vector; DNA; epidemiology; mammal; parasitic disease; polymerase chain reaction; rural area; animal experiment; Argentina; article; Chagas disease; controlled study; habitat; mammal; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; Panstrongylus geniculatus; parasite transmission; polymerase chain reaction; rural area; sylvatic transmission cycle; Triatoma sorbida; Triatominae; Trypanosoma cruzi; xenodiagnosis; Animals; Animals, Wild; Argentina; Chagas Disease; Disease Reservoirs; Disease Vectors; DNA, Kinetoplast; DNA, Protozoan; Humans; Humidity; Life Cycle Stages; Molecular Sequence Data; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Rural Population; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Trypanosoma cruzi; Gran Chaco; Animalia; Armadillo; Dasypodidae; Dasypus novemcinctus; Didelphidae; Didelphis albiventris; Felidae; Lepus; Mammalia; Oryctolagus cuniculus; Panstrongylus geniculatus; Procyon cancrivorus; Rodentia; Triatoma sordida; Trypanosoma cruzi
Año:2012
Volumen:124
Número:1
Página de inicio:79
Página de fin:86
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.06.010
Título revista:Acta Tropica
Título revista abreviado:Acta Trop.
ISSN:0001706X
CODEN:ACTRA
CAS:DNA, Kinetoplast; DNA, Protozoan
Registro:https://bibliotecadigital.exactas.uba.ar/collection/paper/document/paper_0001706X_v124_n1_p79_AlvaradoOtegui

Referencias:

  • Alarcón de Noya, B., Díaz-Bello, Z., Colmenares, C., Ruiz-Guevara, R., Mauriello, L., Zavala-Jaspe, R., Suarez, J.A., Noya, O., Large urban outbreak of orally acquired acute Chagas' disease at a school in Caracas, Venezuela (2010) Journal of Infectious Diseases, 201, pp. 1308-1315
  • Bar, M.E., Alvarez, B.M., Oscherov, E.B., Pieri Damborsky, M., Jörg, M.E., Contribution to knowledge of reservoirs of Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas, 1909) in Corrientes Province, Argentina (1999) Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, 32, pp. 271-276
  • Bar, M.E., Wisnivesky-Colli, C., Triatoma sordida Stål 1859 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae: Triatominae) in palms of northeastern Argentina (2001) Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 96, pp. 895-899
  • Barnabé, C., Brisse, S., Tibayrenc, M., Population structure and genetic typing of Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease: a multilocus enzyme electrophoresis approach (2000) Parasitology, 120, pp. 513-526
  • Barretto, M.P., Epidemiologia (1979) Trypanosoma cruzi e Doença de Chagas, pp. 89-151. , E-Guanabara Koogan, Z. Brener, Z.A. Andrade, M. Barral-Netto (Eds.)
  • Brenière, S.F., Bosseno, M.F., Noireau, F., Yacsik, N., Liegeard, P., Aznar, C., Hontebeyrie, M., Integrated study of a Bolivian population infected by Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas Disease (2002) Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 97, pp. 289-295
  • Brisse, S., Barnabé, C., Tibayrenc, M., Identification of six Trypanosoma cruzi phylogenetic lineages by random amplified polymorphic DNA and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (2000) International Journal for Parasitology, 30, pp. 35-44
  • Brisse, S., Verhoef, J., Tibayrenc, M., Characterisation of large and small subunit rRNA and mini-exon genes further supports the distinction of six Trypanosoma cruzi lineages (2001) International Journal for Parasitology, 31, pp. 1218-1226
  • Bucher, E.H., Huszar, P.C., Sustainable management of the Gran Chaco of South America (1999) Journal of Environmental Management, 57, pp. 99-108
  • Burgos, J.M., Begher, S.B., Freitas, J.M., Bisio, M., Duffy, T., Altcheh, J., Teijeiro, R., Schijman, A.G., Molecular diagnosis and typing of Trypanosoma cruzi populations and lineages in cerebral Chagas disease in a patient with AIDS (2005) American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 73, pp. 1016-1018
  • Burgos, J.M., Altcheh, J., Bisio, M., Duffy, T., Valadares, H.M., Seidenstein, M.E., Piccinali, R., Schijman, A.G., Direct molecular profiling of minicircle signatures and lineages of Trypanosoma cruzi bloodstream populations causing congenital Chagas disease (2007) International Journal for Parasitology, 37, pp. 1319-1327
  • Canal Feijóo, E.J., (1939) Vectores, depósitos parasitarios y casos clínicos de la Enfermedad de Chagas en la Provincia de Santiago del Estero, en: Actas y Trabajos VI Congreso Nacional de Medicina, Vol. 3, pp. 103-113
  • Canale, D.M., Cecere, M.C., Chuit, R., Gürtler, R.E., Peridomestic distribution of Triatoma garciabesi and Triatoma guasayana in north-west Argentina (2000) Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 14, pp. 383-390
  • Carcavallo, R.U., Martínez, A., Entomoepidemiología de la República Argentina (1968) Investigaciones Científicas de las Fuerzas Armadas Argentinas, 1, pp. 76-92
  • Carcavallo, R.U., Curto de Casas, S.I., Sherlock, I.A., Galindez Giron, I., Jurberg, J., Galvão, C., Mena Segura, C., Noireau, F., Geographical distribution and alti-latitudinal dispersion (1998) Atlas of Chagas' Disease Vectors in the Americas., 3, pp. 747-792. , Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro
  • Carpenter, J.W., Mashima, T.Y., Rupiper, D.J., (2001) Exotic Animal Formulary, , W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia
  • Cardinal, M.V., Lauricella, M.A., Ceballos, L.A., Lanati, L., Marcet, P.L., Levin, J.M., Kitron, U., Schijman, A.G., Molecular epidemiology of domestic and sylvatic Trypanosoma cruzi infection in rural northwestern Argentina (2008) International Journal for Parasitology, 38, pp. 1533-1543
  • Ceballos, L.A., Cardinal, M.V., Vazquez-Prokopec, G.M., Lauricella, M.A., Orozco, M.M., Cortinas, R., Schijman, A.G., Gürtler, R.E., Long-term reduction of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in sylvatic mammals following deforestation and sustained vector surveillance in northwestern Argentina (2006) Acta Tropica, 98, pp. 286-296
  • Ceballos, L.A., Piccinali, R.V., Berkunsky, I., Kitron, U., Gürtler, R.E., First finding of melanic sylvatic Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in the Argentine Chaco (2009) Journal of Medical Entomology, 46, pp. 1195-1202
  • Chapman, M.D., Baggaley, R.C., Godfreyfausset, P.F., Malpas, T.J., White, G., Canese, J., Miles, M.A., Trypanosoma cruzi from the Paraguayan Chaco isoenzyme profiles of strains isolated at Makthlawaiya (1984) Journal of Protozoology, 31, pp. 482-486
  • Carrasco, H.J., Torrellas, A., García, C., Segovia, M., Feliciangeli, M.D., Risk of Trypanosoma cruzi I (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) transmission by Panstrongylus geniculatus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in Caracas (Metropolitan District) and neighboring States, Venezuela (2005) International Journal for Parasitology, 35, pp. 1379-1384
  • Diosque, P., Barnabé, C., Padilla, A.M., Marco, J.D., Cardozo, R.M., Cimino, R.O., Nasser, J.R., Basombrío, M.A., Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis analysis of Trypanosoma cruzi isolates from a geographically restricted endemic area for Chagas' disease in Argentina (2003) International Journal for Parasitology, 33, pp. 997-1003
  • Diosque, P., Padilla, A.M., Cimino, R.O., Cardozo, R.M., Negrette, O.S., Marco, J.D., Zacca, R., Basombrío, M.A., Chagas disease in rural areas of Chaco province, Argentina: epidemiologic survey in humans, reservoirs, and vectors (2004) American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 71, pp. 590-593
  • Diotaiuti, L., Pereira, A.S., Loiola, C.F., Fernandes, A.J., Schofield, C.J., Dujardin, J.P., Pinto Dias, J.C., Chiari, E., Inter-relation of sylvatic and domestic transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi in areas with and without domestic vectorial transmission in Minas Gerais, Brazil (1995) Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 90, pp. 443-448
  • Fernandes, O., Sturm, N.R., Derre, R., Campbell, D.A., The mini-exon gene: a genetic marker for zymodeme III of Trypanosoma cruzi (1998) Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 95, pp. 129-133
  • Genoways, H.H., Timm, R.M., The xenarthrans of Nicaragua (2003) Journal of Neotropical Mammalogy, 10, pp. 231-253
  • Gurevitz, J.M., Ceballos, L.A., Gaspe, M.S., Alvarado-Otegui, J.A., Enriquez, G.F., Kitron, U., Gürtler, R.E., Factors affecting infestation by Triatoma infestans in a rural area of the humid Chaco in Argentina: a multi-model inference approach (2011) PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 5, pp. e1349
  • Gürtler, R.E., Sustainability of vector control strategies in the Gran Chaco region: current challenges and possible approaches (2009) Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 104 (SUPPL. 1), pp. 52-59
  • Gürtler, R.E., Kitron, U., Cecere, M.C., Segura, E.L., Cohen, J.E., Sustainable vector control and management of Chagas disease in the Gran Chaco, Argentina (2007) Peptide Nucleic Acids, 104, pp. 16194-16199
  • Gürtler, R.E., Cecere, M.C., Lauricella, M.A., Cardinal, M.V., Kitron, U., Cohen, J.E., Domestic dogs and cats as sources of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in rural northwestern Argentina (2007) Parasitology, 134, pp. 69-82
  • Jansen, A.M., Leon, L., Machado, G.M., da Silva, M.H., Souza-Leão, S.M., Deane, M.P., Trypanosoma cruzi in the opossum Didelphis marsupialis: parasitological and serological follow-up of the acute infection (1991) Experimental Parasitology, 73, pp. 249-259
  • Lauricella, M.A., Stariolo, R., Riarte, A.R., Segura, E.L., Gürtler, R.E., Distribution and pathogenicity of Trypanosoma cruzi isolated from peridomestic populations of Triatoma infestans and Triatoma guasayana from rural western Argentina (2005) Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 100, pp. 123-129
  • Lisboa, C.V., Mangia, R.H., De Lima, N.R., Martins, A., Dietz, J., Baker, A.J., Ramon-Miranda, C.R., Jansen, A.M., Distinct patterns of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in Leontopithecus rosalia in distinct Atlantic coastal rainforest fragments in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (2004) Parasitology, 129, pp. 703-711
  • Llewellyn, M.S., Lewis, M.D., Acosta, N., Yeo, M., Carrasco, H.J., Segovia, M., Vargas, J., Gaunt, M.W., Trypanosoma cruzi IIc: phylogenetic and phylogeographic insights from sequence and microsatellite analysis and potential impact on emergent Chagas disease (2009) PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 3, pp. e510
  • Llewellyn, M.S., Rivett-Carnac, J.B., Fitzpatrick, S., Lewis, M.D., Yeo, M., Gaunt, M.W., Miles, M.A., Extraordinary Trypanosoma cruzi diversity within single mammalian reservoir hosts implies a mechanism of diversifying selection (2011) International Journal for Parasitology, 41, pp. 609-614
  • Luca D'Oro, G.M., Gardenal, C.N., Perret, B., Crisci, J.V., Montamat, E.E., Genetic structure of Trypanosoma cruzi populations from Argentina estimated from enzyme polymorphism (1993) Parasitology, 107, pp. 405-410
  • Maffey, L., Cardinal, M.V., Ordóñez-Krasnowski, P.C., Lanati, L.A., Lauricella, M.A., Schijman, A.G., Gürtler, R.E., Direct molecular identification of Trypanosoma cruzi Discrete Typing Units in domestic and peridomestic Triatoma infestans and Triatoma sordida from the Argentine Chaco. Parasitology, in press; Marcet, P.L., Duffy, T., Cardinal, M.V., Burgos, J.M., Lauricella, M.A., Levin, M.J., Kitron, U., Schijman, A.G., PCR-based identification of Trypanosoma cruzi lineages in feces of triatomine bugs from rural northwestern Argentina (2006) Parasitology, 132 (PART 1), pp. 57-65
  • Marcili, A., Lima, L., Valente, V.C., Valente, S.A., Batista, J.S., Junqueira, A.C.V., Souza, A.I., Teixeira, M.M.G., Comparative phylogeography of Trypanosoma cruzi TCIIc: new hosts, association with terrestrial ecotopes, and spatial clustering (2009) Infections, Genetics and Evolution, 9, pp. 1265-1274
  • Martínez, A., Carcavallo, R.U., Cichero, J.A., República Argentina (1988) Factores biológicos y ecológicos en la Enfermedad de Chagas,, 29, pp. 345-354. , Ministerio de Salud y Acción Social de Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • Martínez, F.A., Guana Añasco, L.G., Resoagli, E.H., Las especies de Dasypodidae como reservorios de la enfermedad de Chagas en el nordeste argentino (Mammalia: Edentata) (1983) Gac Veterinary (Buenos Aires), 45, pp. 376-383
  • Mazza, S., Romaña, C., Schurman, K., Nuevas observaciones sobre la infección espontánea de armadillos del país por el Trypanosoma cruzi (1930) La Prensa Médica Argentina, 3, pp. 3-20
  • Mazza, S., Schreiber, F., Hallazgo en el Departamento Obligado, Santa Fe, de otra especie de mustélido naturalmente infectado por Schizotrypanum cruzi, de Triatoma infestans infectados en nidos de comadrejas, de Triatoma platensis infectados en nidos de psitácidos y de Psammolestes coreodes sin infestación en nidos de dendrocoláptidos (1938) Misión de Estudios de Patología Regional Argentina, 34, pp. 17-35
  • Miles, M.A., Transmission cycles and the heterogeneity of Trypanosoma cruzi (1979) Biology of the Kinetoplastida,, 1, pp. 117-196
  • Miles, M.A., Souza, A.A., Póvoa, M.M., Mammal tracking and nest location in Brazilian forest with an improved spool-and-line device (1981) Journal of Zoology (London), 195, pp. 331-347
  • Miles, M.A., Yeo, M., Gaunt, M., Genetic diversity of Trypanosoma cruzi and the epidemiology of Chagas disease (2003) Molecular Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of Chagas Disease, pp. 1-15. , Eurekah.com & Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, J.M. Kelly (Ed.)
  • Montamat, E.E., Luca d'Oro, G., Perret, B., Rivas, C., Characterization of Trypanosoma cruzi from Argentina by electrophoretic zymograms (1992) Acta Tropica, 50, pp. 125-133
  • Noireau, F., Cortez, M.G., Monteiro, F.A., Jansen, A.M., Torrico, F., Can wild Triatoma infestans foci in Bolivia jeopardize Chagas disease control efforts? (2005) Trends in Parasitology, 2, pp. 10-17
  • Noireau, N., Diosque, P., Jansen, A.M., Trypanosoma cruzi: adaptation to its vectors and its hosts (2009) Veterinary Research, 40, p. 26
  • Pietrokovsky, S., Schweigmann, N.J., Riarte, A., Alberti, A., Conti, O., Montoya, S., Wisnivesky-Colli, C., The skunk Conepatus chinga as new host of Trypanosoma cruzi in Argentina (1991) Journal of Parasitology, 77, pp. 643-645
  • Póvoa, M.M., De Sousa, A.A., Naiff, R.D., Arias, J.R., Biancardi, C.B., Miles, M.A., Chagas' disease in the Amazon Basin IV. Host records of Trypanosoma cruzi zymodemes in the State of Amazonas and Rondonia, Brazil (1984) Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 78, pp. 479-487
  • Ramírez, J.D., Guhl, F., Rendón, L.M., Rosas, F., Marin-Neto, J.A., Morillo, C.A., Chagas cardiomyopathy manifestations and Trypanosoma cruzi genotypes circulating in chronic Chagasic patients (2010) PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 4, pp. e899
  • Roellig, D.M., Ellis, A.E., Yabsley, M.J., Genetically different isolates of Trypanosoma cruzi elicit different infection dynamics in raccoons (Procyon lotor) and Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana) (2009) International Journal for Parasitology, 39, pp. 1603-1610
  • Rolón, M., Vega, M.C., Román, F., Gómez, A., de Arias, A.R., First report of colonies of sylvatic Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in the Paraguayan Chaco, using a trained dog (2011) PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 5, pp. e1026
  • Romaña, C., Schürman, K., La infección espontánea y la experimental del tatú del Chaco santafesino por el Trypanosoma cruzi (1931) 7ma Reunión de la Sociedad Argentina de Patología Regional del Norte, , Bs. As. Imprenta de la Universidad 1932
  • Salazar, A., Schijman, A.G., Triana-Chávez, O., High variability of Colombian Trypanosoma cruzi lineage I stocks as revealed by low-stringency single primer-PCR minicircle signatures (2006) Acta Tropica, 100, pp. 110-118
  • Salvatella, R., González, J.C., Franca Rodríguez, M.E., Hallazgo de Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas, 1909) en Dasypus novemcinctus novemcinctus (Linne) de Uruguay (1982) Revista Uruguaya de Patología Clínica, 18, pp. 17-21
  • Schijman, A.G., Altcheh, J., Burgos, J.M., Biancardi, M., Bisio, M., Levin, M., Freilij, H., Aetiological treatment of congenital Chagas disease diagnosed and monitored by the polymerase chain reaction (2003) Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 52, pp. 441-449
  • Schofield, C.J., Jannin, J., Salvatella, R., The future of Chagas disease control (2006) Trends in Parasitology, 22, pp. 583-588
  • Schweigmann, N.J., Pietrokovsky, S., Bottazi, V., Conti, O., Bujas, M., Wisnivesky-Colli, C., Estudio de la prevalencia de la infección por Trypanosoma cruzi en zarigüeyas (Didelphis albiventris) en Santiago del Estero, Argentina (1999) Rev Panam Salud Publica, 6, pp. 371-377
  • Sturm, N.R., Vargas, N.S., Westenberger, S.J., Zingales, B., Campbell, D.A., Evidence for multiple hybrid groups in Trypanosoma cruzi (2003) International Journal for Parasitology, 33, pp. 269-279
  • Tamura, K., Peterson, D., Peterson, N., Stecher, G., Nei, M., Kumar, S., MEGA5: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods (2011) Molecular Biology and Evolution, 28, pp. 2731-2739
  • (2005), http://www.vidasilvestre.org.ar/descargables/bosques_selvas/chaco/dossier.pdf, The Nature Conservancy (TNC), Fundación Vida Silvestre Argentina (FVSA), Fundación para el Desarrollo Sustentable del Chaco (DeSdel Chaco), Wildife Conservation Society Bolivia (WCS), Evaluación Ecorregional del Gran Chaco Americano/Gran Chaco AmericanoEcoregional Assessment. Buenos Aires. Fundación Vida Silvestr; Tibayrenc, M., Genetic epidemiology of parasitic protozoa and other infectious agents: the need for an integrated approach (1998) International Journal for Parasitology, 28, pp. 85-104
  • Valente, V.C., Valente, S.A., Noireau, F., Carrasco, H.J., Miles, M.A., Chagas disease in the Amazon Basin: association of Panstrongylus geniculatus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) with domestic pigs (1998) Journal of Medical Entomology, 35, pp. 99-103
  • Vaz, V.C., D'Andrea, P.S., Jansen, A.M., Effects of habitat fragmentation on wild mammal infection by Trypanosoma cruzi (2007) Parasitology, 134, pp. 1785-1793
  • Vazquez-Prokopec, G.M., Ceballos, L.A., Kitron, U., Gürtler, R.E., Active dispersal of natural populations of Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Triatominae) in rural northwestern Argentina (2004) Journal of Medical Entomology, 41, pp. 614-621
  • Wisnivesky-Colli, C., Schweigmann, N.J., Alberti, A., Pietrokovsky, S.M., Conti, O., Montoya, S., Riarte, A., Rivas, C., Sylvatic American trypanosomiasis in Argentina. Trypanosoma cruzi infection in mammals from the Chaco forest in Santiago del Estero (1992) Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 86, pp. 38-41
  • (2002) Control of Chagas Disease: Second Report of the WHO Expert Committee, pp. 57-58. , World Health Organization. World Health Organization, Geneva
  • Yeo, M., Acosta, M., Llewellyn, M., Sánchez, H., Adamson, S., Miles, G., López, E., Miles, M.A., Origins of Chagas disease: Didelphis species are natural hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi I and armadillos hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi II, including hybrids (2005) International Journal for Parasitology, 35, pp. 225-233
  • Yeo, M., Lewis, M.D., Carrasco, H.J., Acosta, N., Llewellyn, M., da Silva Valente, S.A., de Costa Valente, V., Miles, M.A., Resolution of multiclonal infections of Trypanosoma cruzi from naturally infected triatomine bugs and from experimentally infected mice by direct plating on a sensitive solid medium (2007) International Journal for Parasitology, 37, pp. 111-120
  • Zingales, B., Andrade, S.G., Briones, M.R., Campbell, D.A., Chiari, E., Fernandes, O., Guhl, F., Schijman, A.G., A new consensus for Trypanosoma cruzi intraspecific nomenclature: second revision meeting recommends TcI to TcVI (2009) Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 104, pp. 1051-1054
  • Zingales, B., Miles, M.A., Campbell, D.A., Tibayrenc, M., Macedo, A.M., Teixeira, M.M., Schijman, A.G., Sturm, N.R., The revised Trypanosoma cruzi subspecific nomenclature: rationale, epidemiological relevance and research applications (2012) Infections, Genetics and Evolution, 12, pp. 240-253

Citas:

---------- APA ----------
Alvarado-Otegui, J.A., Ceballos, L.A., Orozco, M.M., Enriquez, G.F., Cardinal, M.V., Cura, C., Schijman, A.G.,..., Gürtler, R.E. (2012) . The sylvatic transmission cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi in a rural area in the humid Chaco of Argentina. Acta Tropica, 124(1), 79-86.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.06.010
---------- CHICAGO ----------
Alvarado-Otegui, J.A., Ceballos, L.A., Orozco, M.M., Enriquez, G.F., Cardinal, M.V., Cura, C., et al. "The sylvatic transmission cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi in a rural area in the humid Chaco of Argentina" . Acta Tropica 124, no. 1 (2012) : 79-86.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.06.010
---------- MLA ----------
Alvarado-Otegui, J.A., Ceballos, L.A., Orozco, M.M., Enriquez, G.F., Cardinal, M.V., Cura, C., et al. "The sylvatic transmission cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi in a rural area in the humid Chaco of Argentina" . Acta Tropica, vol. 124, no. 1, 2012, pp. 79-86.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.06.010
---------- VANCOUVER ----------
Alvarado-Otegui, J.A., Ceballos, L.A., Orozco, M.M., Enriquez, G.F., Cardinal, M.V., Cura, C., et al. The sylvatic transmission cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi in a rural area in the humid Chaco of Argentina. Acta Trop. 2012;124(1):79-86.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.06.010